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Drugs and Behavior > Mid term 1 > Flashcards

Mid term 1 Flashcards

1
Q

4 points of debate

A

1) Research around medication treatment is more systematic and standardized than psychotherapy outcomes
2) Medications act quickly to reduce most severe symptoms so the person is better able to engage in therapy
3) Medications only target physical symptoms, whereas therapy treats the person as a whole
4) Therapy aims toward personal growth and autonomy, whereas medications likely foster dependency

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1
Q

3 general theories of the etiology of mental illness

A

1) Supernatural
2) Somatogenic
3) Psychogenic

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2
Q

Supernatural

A

Possession by evil or demonic spirits (“cursed”), displeasure of
gods (i.e., “smite”), eclipses, planetary gravitation (i.e., “mercury in
retrograde”), and sin.

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3
Q

Somatogenic

A

Physical conditions involving genetic inheritance (i.e., “gene
mutation”), brain damage, or chemical imbalance.

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4
Q

Psychogenic

A

Resulting from traumatic or stressful experiences, maladaptive
learned associations, or distorted perceptions.

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5
Q

Trephination

A

Surgical procedure involving
drilling a hole into the skull to let out the
evil.

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6
Q

Bloodletting

A

Treatment by which leeches or a physician remove blood to balance out the humors

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7
Q

CNS (Central nervous system)

A

Brain and Spinal

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8
Q

PNS (Peripheral nervous system)

A

Everything but Spin and Brain

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9
Q

What does the spinal cord do

A

Transmits information from
sensory nerves to the brain and carry motor commands from the brain to the muscles. The spinal cord acts as a relay system to the brain and forms the shape of a butterfly. Axons from sensory nerves enter the gray
matter of the spinal cord from the dorsal side. Motor axons then leave the spinal cord from
the ventral side.

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10
Q

What do Dorsal Horns contain

A

Contains cell bodies that convey sensory information

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11
Q

What do Ventral Horns contain

A

Contains cells bodies of motoneurons that directly control the action of muscles

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12
Q

Layers of Brian

A
  • scalp
    -skull
    -periosteal dura mater
  • Meningeal dura mater
  • Arachnoid mater
  • Subarachnoid space
  • Pia mater
  • Cerebral cortex
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13
Q

Dura Matter

A

Outermost layer which is also the toughest

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14
Q

What is the Arachnoid mater

A

Membrane with a weblike sublayer (subarachnoid space) filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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15
Q

What is Pia mater

A

A thin layer that sits directly on the nervous tissue

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16
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Controls voluntary muscles with spinal nerves and cranial nerves.

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17
Q

Automatic Nervous System

A

Controls function of organs and
glands with autonomic nerves and
some cranial nerves.

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18
Q

Sympathetic Division

A

Dominates during times of stress, excitement, and exertion; “fight or flight system”. In times of perceived stress, the sympathetic system takes over to prepare the body for a sudden expenditure of energy.

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19
Q

Parasympathetic Division

A

Dominates when energy reserves can be conserved and stored for later use; “rest and digest system”. Once the perceived stress has passed, control of the body’s organs and glands return to the
parasympathetic system to restore a relaxed and balanced state.

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20
Q

Two primary types of cells

A

Neurons: nerve cells
Glial cells: Supporting cells

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21
Q

What are tissues in the body composed of

A

cells

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22
Q

Neurons

A

Analyze and transmit information
throughout the body. Responsible for receiving sensory information, integrating and storing information, and controlling the action of muscles and glands.

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23
Q

Glial Cells

A

Supporting structural role that
facilitates communication between cells and provides metabolic support, protection, and insulation. “Gluing” neurons in place and
protecting neurons from microorganisms, supplying nutrients removing waste, and destroying dead neurons.

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24
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

Sensitive to environmental stimuli and convert physical stimuli into electric signals

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25
Q

What do Interneurons do

A

Nerve cells within the brain and spinal cord form complex interacting neural circuits and are responsible for conscious sensations, recognition, memory, decision-making and cognition

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26
Q

Motor Neurons

A

Direct a biobehavioral response appropriate to the situation

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27
Q

Soma: Cell body

A

Largest part of the cell contains structures vital to the cell’s life process + nucleus

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28
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains the majority of the cell’s genetic material. Chromosomes (long DNA strands) with distinct segments (genes) that produce specific proteins. Protein = chain of simple building-block molecules (amino acids) Amino acids play an important role in cell communication, growth,
repair, biochemical reactions, immune system functions, etc

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29
Q

what do Dendrites do?

A

Receive and conduct information to the cell body from other
neurons

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30
Q

Axon Hillock & Axon

A

Axons send and transmit electrical messages away from the cell body to communicate to other neurons (action potential)

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31
Q

Where are Synapses are located

A
  1. Between terminal button and dendrites (axodendritic synapse)
  2. Between terminal button and cell bodies (axosomatic synapses)
  3. Near another neuron’s axon or terminal button (axoaxonic synapse)
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32
Q

What is Neurogenesis

A

The birth of new neurons

33
Q

what is the control center

A

Medulla Oblongata

34
Q

What is the bridge

A

Pons

35
Q

What is the sensorimotor center

A

The brain’s extensive motor system is in charge of monitoring and regulating motor movements and balance. Voluntary actions are planned and initiated by parts of the cortex and basal ganglia and sent to the cerebellum, where they are integrated, coordinated, and refined into fluid movements. Receives sensory information from the cortex (visual, auditory, somatosensory, vestibular) and spinal cord (movement of muscles). Sends signals back to the motor cortex through the Thalamus to fine-tune motor movements (feedback loop).

36
Q

Reticular Formation

A

Collection of nuclei that influence arousal, attention, sleep, and muscle tone.

37
Q

Periaqueductal Gray (PAG)

A

Pain sensation and defensive behavior. Carries pain signals from the dorsal horn of the spinal cord
to the cortex. Stimulation of the PAG acts like an analgesic due to
numerous receptor sites for
opioid drugs. Important site for morphine
binding.

38
Q

Substantia Nigra

A

Highly interconnected with basal
ganglia (forebrain) and produces
the neurotransmitter dopamine.
* Through its axonal pathway it
releases dopamine in the dorsal
striatum.

39
Q

Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA)

A

Instrumental in the release of
dopamine and vital component
to brain’s “reward center”.

40
Q

What makes the motor loop

A
  • Basal ganglia
  • Thalamus
  • Cortex
41
Q

Motor Cortex

A

Involves the pyramidal motor system which connects the motor cortex to muscles

42
Q

Parts of the Limbic System

A
  • Thalamus (relays info)
  • Hypothalamus (homeostasis)
  • Amygdala (emotion)
  • Hippocampus (memory conversion)
43
Q

What does the Hippocampus do

A

Learning and memory (recent
events, declarative memory, such
as names, dates, facts and spatial
memory)

44
Q

What does the Amygdala do

A

Processing emotions (especially
negative emotions). Formation of emotional memory. Behavioral reactivity

45
Q

What does the Thalamus do

A

Relay center for transmitting
information from sensory
organs to areas of the cerebral
cortex where it can be further
processed. Non-sensory information from the cerebellum to the cortex (i.e., motor movements). Communicates with reticular
formation to regulate arousal
and excitability of the cortex.

46
Q

What does the Hypothalamus do

A

Primary recipient of information
flowing from the limbic system. Instrumental for maintaining
homeostasis through various pathways.
* Body temperature, blood pressure,glucose/sodium levels.
* Metabolism.
* Hormonal balance.
* When balance needs restoring, the hypothalamus sends information to the medulla (controls the ANS) and acts as a link between the endocrine system by controlling the pituitary gland.

47
Q

What are the parts of a neuron

A

Soma, Nucleus, Dendrites, Axon, Terminal Button

48
Q

What are proteins used for

A
  • Production of receptors
  • Enzymes that regulate intracellular biochemical processes
  • Growth factors and structural elements of the cell
49
Q

Axodendritic

A

Axon to dendrite

50
Q

Axosomatic

A

Axon to cell body

51
Q

Axoaxonic

A

Axon to Axon

52
Q

Neuromuscular hunction

A

Axon to muscle

53
Q

What is the ventral tegmental area a part of

A

The brain’s “reward circuit” and
when linked to the nucleus accumbens (“pleasure
pathway”) it has been implicated in drug addiction.

54
Q

Neurobiology

A

The scientific study of anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the nervous
system.

55
Q

Neuroscience

A

Incorporates information from neurobiology to understand the
functionality of the brain and its effects on personality, emotions, and behaviors.

56
Q

Pharmacology

A

The scientific study of the actions of drugs and their effects on a living
organism.

57
Q

Neuropharmacology

A

Concerned with drug-induced changes in the functioning of
cells in the nervous system.

58
Q

Psychopharmacology

A

Concerned with drug-induced changes in mood, thinking, and
behaviour.

59
Q

Neuropsychopharmacology

A

Identifies chemical substances that act on the nervous
system to alter behaviour.

60
Q

4 chemical messengers

A
  1. Neurotransmitter
  2. Neuropeptide
  3. Neuromodulator
  4. Neurohormone
61
Q

What 4 major systems in the brain are formed by dopaminergic neurons?

A
  • Tuberoinfundibular Pathway:
    Neurohormone
  • Nigrostriatal Pathway: Motor
    coordination
  • Mesocortical Pathway: VTA to
    cortex
  • Mesolimbic System: VTA to limbic
    system
62
Q

Epinephrine

A

More active in the peripheral nervous system than in the central nervous system. It is secreted by the adrenal glands and helps regulate our fight-or-flight response.

62
Q

What is Norepinephrine involved in

A

-Sleep-wake cycles
Attention
Alertness
Feeding behaviours
Fight or flight response

63
Q

What is Serotonin involved in

A
  • Mood regulation
  • Appetite
  • Circadian rhythm
  • Pain perception
64
Q

What is Acetylcholine involved in

A
  • Memory & Learning
  • Arousal
  • Attention
  • Motivation
  • Mood
  • REM sleep
  • Stimulates skeletal muscles, smooth muscles, dilation
    of blood vessels, slows heart rate, increase body
    secretions.
65
Q

4 drug actions

A
  1. Direct Agonist
  2. Indirect Agonist
  3. Inverse Agonist
  4. Direct Antagonist
66
Q

Describe Direct Agonist

A

The drug binds to
and activates a
receptor, mimicking
the effects of a
neurotransmitter

67
Q

Describe Indirect Agonist

A

The drug binds to
and activates a
receptor but does
not mimic the
neurotransmitter

68
Q

Describe Inverse Agonist

A

The drug binds to a
receptor but instead
of mimicking it
produces the
opposite effect of
that neurotransmitter

69
Q

Describe Direct Antagonist

A

The drug binds to
the receptor but
does not activate,
instead it blocks the
neurotransmitter
from binding and
exerting its effect.

70
Q

Effective Dose

A

Median effective dose
Dose that produces 50% of the
maximal effect

71
Q

Lethal Dose

A

Median lethal dose
Dose that produces death in 50% of
a sample.
Sometimes called “Toxic Dose” TD50

72
Q

What is drug efficacy

A

The ability to elicit a response regardless of dosage

73
Q

What is Drug Potency

A

Amount of drug necessary to produce a specific effect

74
Q

What is Antagonism

A

One drug diminishes the effect of another drug

75
Q

What is additive effect

A

Adding a new drug produces greater effect than anticipated from the drug taken alone

76
Q

Super additive effect

A

When combining drugs, the overall effect is greater than the two drugs combined individual effects, separately

77
Q

What is the enteral route

A

Drugs absorbed through the gastrointestinal tracts of the digestive system

78
Q

What is the Parenteral route

A

Drugs absorbed through other means then the GI tract

79
Q

4 types of injectable administration

A
  1. Intradermal
  2. Intravenous
  3. Subcutaneous
  4. Intramuscular

Drugs and Behavior (7 decks)

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