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Anthropology > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

0
Q

Physical/biological anthropology

A

The study of human beings as biological organisms there are four main divisions.

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1
Q

What are the four fields of anthropology?

A
  1. physical about logical anthropology
  2. archaeology
  3. linguistics
  4. cultural anthropology
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2
Q

Paleoanthropology

A

Subdivision of physical/biological anthropology. Human paleontology. The study of ancient humans and human evolution through fossil remains or through primatology

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3
Q

Primatology

A

Subdivision of physical/biological anthropology. The study of nonhuman primates

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4
Q

Human variation

A

Subdivision of physical/biological anthropology the study of biological variation and contemporary populations and individuals.

Forensics; variation in individuals

Race; variation in human populations

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5
Q

Bioculturalcultural/biosocial anthropology

A

Subdivision of physical/biological anthropology. The study of relationships between human biology and culture.

Focuses on human evolution in the context of culture: how culture impact of biology and how biology impacts culture.

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6
Q

Archaeology

A

The study of cultures of the past through excavation and analysis of material culture they have left behind.

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7
Q

Three material remains archaeologists rely on

A
  1. Artifacts: objects that have been made by humans.
  2. Features: non portable elements that have been made or modified by humans.
  3. Ecofactsfacts: Objects that were used but not modified by humans.
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8
Q

Linguistics

A

Anthropological linguistic study spoken and written languages around the world through time. 4 subdivisions

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9
Q

Historical Linguistics

A

The study of the emergence of language and how languages have change through time.

Glottichronology: the technique of determining the approximate date that two related languages began to diverge.

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10
Q

Cultural linguistics (ethnolinguistic)

A

The study of the relationship between culture and language language and culture impact but do not determine how people perceive and think of the world.

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11
Q

Sociolinguistics

A

The study of the relationship between language and social relations.

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12
Q

Descriptive linguistics

A

The study of sound structures and meanings within a language

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13
Q

Phonetics

A

The branch of linguistics that systematically studies all the sounds in spoken language

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14
Q

Phonemics

A

The branch of linguistics that studies the meaningful groups of sounds in a language

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15
Q

Breakdown of English-language phonetics and phonemics

A

The English language uses over 50 phonetically different sounds represent those with 26 letters phonemically.

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16
Q

Etic approach

A

The Etic approach: a rigorous and systematic attempt which uses cultural theories to analyze and describe culture

example: Phonetics

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17
Q

The Emic approach

A

An attempt to understand and describe the meanings that ideas and practices have to members of a culture

Example: phonemics

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18
Q

Ethnography

A

The anthropological description of a particular contemporary culture usually by means of direction fieldwork

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19
Q

Ethnology

A

The comparative study of cultural differences and similarities

20
Q

Ethnography versus ethnology

A

Ethnographic:

  • descriptive,
  • based on direct fieldwork,
  • focuses on a single culture.

Ethnology:

  • comparative,
  • uses data collected by others,
  • generalizes across cultures.
21
Q

Culture

A
  1. The way members of society adapt to their environment and give meaning to their lives.
  2. Everything that people have, think, and do as members of society.

Culture is learned, adaptive, integrated, dynamic, symbolic, and shared.

22
Q

Society

A

A group of people who depend on one another for survival or well-being

23
Q

altricial

A

Offspring are born essentially helpless mature slowly

24
Q

How do we learn culture

A

Enculturation: the process through which young humans learn their native culture.

Acculturation: The process through which people can learn a different culture from their own.

Learning culture is a lot like learning language enculturation happens naturally and comes rather easily but is not spontaneous acculturation is different and requires careful attention sensitivity and a lot of work.

25
Q

holism

A

The perspective that looks at all the parts of the system and how those parts are integrated

26
Q

Naive Realism

A

Almost universal belief that all people define the real world of objects, events, and living creatures in pretty much the same way

27
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

The tendency to view one’s own culture of superior and to apply ones own cultural values in judging the behavior and beliefs of people from other cultures

28
Q

Cultural relativism

A

The idea that cultures are best understood when viewed within the the cultural context in which they are a part of

Does not mean that you have to accept another groups definition of right or wrong rather we have to set aside her own cultural categories and meanings to understand other cultures

29
Q

Moral relativism

A

The position that we must except as more practices that are considered moral within another culture

30
Q

Edward Taylor

A

The first anthropologists 1871
primitive culture

psychic unity: all humans minds operate on the same natural logic

comparative method: primitive cultures represented earlier stages of advanced societies

armchair anthropology: use data from travelers missionaries and colonial administrators
-Notes and queries on anthropology for the use of the travelers and residents in and uncivilized lands .

31
Q

Louis Henry Morgan

A

Out of the arm chair and onto the veranda

  • 1877 “Ancient society”
  • unveiling social evolution: all societies pass through the same stages of evolution as they progress savagery> barbarianism >civilization
32
Q

Franz Boas

A

Historical particularism: each society is a collective representation of its unique historical past

-The first anthropologists to practice cultural relativism

Fieldwork with the Kwakiutl around the turn of the 20th century.
-participant observation?

33
Q

Bronislaw Malinowski

A

Field work on the trobriand from 1915 to 1918
- Participant observation: Long term, living with the natives

-functionalism: theory that all cultural practices and institution serve function

34
Q

Participant observation

A 
To do participant observation you need to: 
1. Immerse yourself into the culture
2. Gain access and build rapport
3. Behave like a child
4. Take field notes 
5 be reflective
35
Q

Hinesburg effect

A

Our presence impacts the courts are we study people change their behavior when I know they’re being observed we act less like an observer and they participate more

36
Q

Rashomon Effect

A

Are interpretation of culture is subjective (subject to our biases, ethnocentrism, expectations, etc.)

37
Q

Reflexive ethanography

A

The inclusion in the ethnography of the careful reflection on

  1. how do your fieldwork
  2. how you may have influenced the culture your observed and
  3. how you may be biased
38
Q

Primum non nocere

A

First, do no harm

39
Q

Human terrain systems

A

$300 million military program. Embedded anthropologist with combat units in Iraq and Afghanistan suspended due to controversy in 2010

40
Q

Franz Boas

A

Historical particularism: each society is a collective representation of its unique historical past

-The first anthropologists to practice cultural relativism

Fieldwork with the Kwakiutl around the turn of the 20th century.
-participant observation?

41
Q

Bronislaw Malinowski

A

Field work on the trobriand from 1915 to 1918
- Participant observation: Long term, living with the natives

-functionalism: theory that all cultural practices and institution serve function

42
Q

Participant observation

A 
To do participant observation you need to: 
1. Immerse yourself into the culture
2. Gain access and build rapport
3. Behave like a child
4. Take field notes 
5 be reflective
43
Q

Hinesburg effect

A

Our presence impacts the courts are we study people change their behavior when I know they’re being observed we act less like an observer and they participate more

44
Q

Rashomon Effect

A

Are interpretation of culture is subjective (subject to our biases, ethnocentrism, expectations, etc.)

45
Q

Reflexive ethanography

A

The inclusion in the ethnography of the careful reflection on

  1. how do your fieldwork
  2. how you may have influenced the culture your observed and
  3. how you may be biased
46
Q

Primum non nocere

A

First, do no harm

47
Q

Human terrain systems

A

$300 million military program. Embedded anthropologist with combat units in Iraq and Afghanistan suspended due to controversy in 2010

Anthropology (2 decks)

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