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Biology 200-1 > Midterm 1-4 > Flashcards

Midterm 1-4 Flashcards

0
Q

What are the functional groups and what do they determine

A

H, N, O, S, and P atoms bonded to carbon

They determine the chemical behavior of the organic molecule

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1
Q

What are organic molecules

A

Molecules that contain carbon

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2
Q

Name the functional groups

A

Amino, carboxyl, carbonyl, hydroxyl, phosphate, and sulfhydryl

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3
Q

Name and define the energy inside a chemical reaction

A

Free energy is the energy that is available to do work in a chemical reaction. Kinetic energy is in motion and thermal. Potential energy is the energy of position or chemical energy

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4
Q

What is potential energy dependent on in an electron

A

The position

It is high if it is near a negative charge or far from a positive charge

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5
Q

What is enthalpy

A

Total energy of a molecule including the potential energy plus it’s effect on surrounding in terms of pressure and volume

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6
Q

What is delta H normally based off

A

It is based off of heat

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7
Q

What is exothermic in terms of energy

A

Negative delta H, with the release of heat energy. Products have less potential energy than reactants

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8
Q

What is endothermic in terms of energy

A

Reactions take heat energy which makes the products have higher potential energy, positive delta H

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9
Q

What is entropy change

A

Disorder. Delta S. Less order if it is positive

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10
Q

What determines if a reaction is spontaneous and how do we asses it

A

Changes in heat and energy determine spontaneity which is assessed by Gibbs free energy (delta G= delta H- T delta S)

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11
Q

What is exergonic/endergonic

A

Exergonic: reaction is spontaneous meaning a negative delta G
Endergonic: reaction is not spontaneous meaning a positive delta G

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12
Q

When does free energy change. What direction do chemical reaction go in

A

It changes if PE changes or entropy (S and H). Chemical reactions occur spontaneously in the direction that decreases free energy

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13
Q

Why are some reactions slow

A

Because reactants must collide with one another in a specific orientation to either break or form bonds

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14
Q

What determines reaction rate

A

Concentration and temperature

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15
Q

What is energetic coupling, give an example

A

Because endergonic reactions require energy input, energetic coupling links endergonic and exergonic reactions. (Usually happens through transfer of phosphate groups or highly charged electrons)

16
Q

What is oxidation and reduction

A

And atom is oxidized if it loses one or more electrons

Reduction if it gains one or more electrons

17
Q

What are reduction-oxidation reactions

A

Chemical reactions where one atom or molecule loses one or more electrons which are intern gained by another atom or molecule

18
Q

How do redox reactions work

A

They pair an exergonic oxidation with an endergonic reduction. The energy lost in the oxidation is used to increase potential energy in the reduced molecule

19
Q

What makes a reaction exergonic

A

When the oxidation releases more free energy than is necessary for reduction

20
Q

How can you tell if a reaction is exergonic

A

(More energy is released by oxidation than is needed for reduction) in a glucose reaction (burning) the carbon goes from equally shared electrons to much farther away thus making it oxidized and oxygen reduced. Products have less PE and more entropy

21
Q

What is the relationship between electron donor/acceptor

A

Electron acceptors usually gain potential energy because C-H bond electrons are shared equally and thus quite far from the carbon bond (they store potential energy)

22
Q

Why does potential energy lower in molecules when a proton is lost

A

They often lose a C-H bond and gain a C-O bond which is a more polar molecule and more stabilized since the electron are closer to the oxygen atom

23
Q

What is an electron carrier

A

A molecule that easily donates an electron (reducing power)

24
Q

What do all redox reactions contain

A

Full or partial electron transfer, but not all involve hydrogen transfer

25
Q

Why does ATP have high potential energy

A

It has four negatively charged phosphate groups, causing high potential energy

26
Q

What does the hydrolysis of ATP produce

A

ADP and phosphate (highly exergonic)

27
Q

What happens during ATP hydrolysis

A

Entropy increases and potential energy decreases (spread out negative charge)

28
Q

How does ATP drive exergonic reactions

A

The cells do not lose this energy released through heat, instead they use it to power the cell by attaching the released phosphate group to a substrate

29
Q

Why is phosphorylation exergonic

A

Although the substrate gains potential energy, it is much less than what was released through ATP hydrolysis

Biology 200-1 (7 decks)

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