midterm 1

Question 1

biological evolution is?

Answer 1

any change in the inherited traits of a population that occurs from one generation to the next

Question 2

genetic drift is?

Answer 2

evolution arising from random changes in genetic composition of a population from one generation to the next

Question 3

homologous traits are?

Answer 3

characteristics that are similar to each other in two or more species because they are inherited from a common ancestor

Question 4

lineage is?

Answer 4

chain of ancestors and decendents

Question 5

mutation is?

Answer 5

any change to the genomic sequence of an organism

Question 6

natural selection is?

Answer 6

can lead to evolution, whereby differential survival and reproduction of individuals cause some of them to survive and reproduce more effectively than others

Question 7

phenotypes?

Answer 7

visual representation of evolutionary history

Question 8

phylogeny?

Answer 8

a chain of ancestors and theyre decendents

Question 9

synapomorphy?

Answer 9

derived form of a trait that is shared by a group of related species

Question 10

viral assortment?

Answer 10

occurs when genetic material from different strains gets mixed into new combinations within a single individual

Question 11

homoplasy is?

Answer 11

a convergently evolved character shared by species across different lineages

Question 12

plesiomorphy is?

Answer 12

an ancestral character

Question 13

apomorphy is ?

Answer 13

a derived character

Question 14

autapomorphy is?

Answer 14

a derived character only present in a single taxon

Question 15

synapomorphy is?

Answer 15

a shared derived character, present in multilple groups

Question 16

what is the difference between monophyly, paraphyly and polyphyly?

Answer 16

mono- whole groupe and common ancestor
para- common ancestor but not all descendents
poly- no common ancestor

Question 17

what is the consistancy index?

Answer 17

minimum number of changes/ number required on the tree, where minimum number of changes = number of characters

Question 18

CI=1 if?

Answer 18

there is no homoplasy

Question 19

the consistency index is ______ correlated with the number of species sampled?

Answer 19

negatively

Question 20

what does hardy weinberg equilibrium mean?

Answer 20

no evolutionary influences, constant allele and genotype frequencies among generations in a population.

Question 21

what are the 5 rules for hwe?

Answer 21

no selection, no net mutation, no chance events/ large population, no dispersal, random mating

Question 22

is it possible for 3 genotypes to be equally common under hwe?

Answer 22

no

Question 23

degrees of freedom is?

Answer 23

N-# of parameters estimated, N is categories

Question 24

what is relative fitness?

Answer 24

measure of reproductive success

Question 25

what is Fst?

Answer 25

measure of population differentiation

Question 26

what is Ne?

Answer 26

effective population size (number of individuals that contribute offspring to the next generation)

Question 27

good taxonomy includes what group?

Answer 27

monophyletic groups

Question 28

what are the 5 mechanisms for evolutionary change?

Answer 28

• mutation
• genetic drift-
• natural selection
• migration/ gene flow
• non random mating

Question 29

what is most important when speaking of the evolution of viruses?

Answer 29

mutations and reproductive potential, mutations add variation on which natural selection can act through reproductive potential