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Social Psychology > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of social psychology?

A

The scientific study of the feelings, thoughts, and behaviours of individuals in social situations.

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2
Q

Compare social psychology to personality psychology.

A

Personality psych emphasizes individual differences in behaviour, instead of social situations.
They try to find a consistent pattern in the way a person behaves in different situations, whereas social psych would examine general situation.

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3
Q

Compare social psychology to cognitive psychology.

A

They differ in the topics they study.
Social: social behaviour and perceptions of people
Cognitive: categorization processes or memory for words or objects

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4
Q

Compare social psychology to sociology.

A

Sociologists study institutions, subgroups, mass movements, changes in demographics of a population.
Social psychologists sometimes so this work but are likely to bring their interest to individual behaviour.

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5
Q

Describe the Milgram experiment and what is shows.

A

Teachers & learners
Administer shocks when learner gets it wrong
Experimenter would say to continue
62.5% went all the way to the end (450 volts), 80% passed 150v. The average was 360v

“The power of a situation” - shows how the experimenter (those who are around us) affect our choices and behaviour

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6
Q

What is the fundamental attribution error?

A

A tendency to overestimate the extent to which people’s behaviour is due to internal (dispositional) factors and to underestimate the role of external (situational) factors.

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7
Q

What are schemas?

A

Organized folders in our mind. Lead us to have certain expectations that we can rely on when faced with a new situation.

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8
Q

What are 2 ways we process information in social situations?

A
  1. Automatic/Nonconscious processing
    - emotional reactions (reacting quickly to scary situation) - gives rise to implicit attitudes and beliefs
  2. Controlled/Conscious Processing
    - controlled by careful thought - results in explicit attitudes and beliefs
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9
Q

What is Theory of Mind?

A

We are born with the ability to recognize that other people have beliefs and desires.

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10
Q

Why are females pickier when choosing their mates?

A

Because the number of offspring of a female can have is limited, which males have unlimited. The 2 sexes have different costs and benefits associated.

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11
Q

How do independent and interdependent cultures differ?

A

Independent (individualistic) cultures view themselves as distinct from others with attributes that are constant. Interdependent (collectivist) cultures view themselves as inextricably linked to others with attributes depending on the situation.

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12
Q

What are dispositions?

A

Beliefs, values, personality traits, and abilities that guide behaviour

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13
Q

What is a hypothesis

A

A prediction about what will happen under particular circumstances.

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14
Q

What is a theory?

A

A body of related propositions intended to describe some aspects of the world.

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15
Q

What are ways social psychologists use to test ideas? Describe them.

A
  1. Participant observation: observing participant at close range
  2. Archival Research: looking at evidence in archives
  3. Surveys: interviews or questionnaires
  4. Correlational Research: determining whether a relationship exists between 2+ variables
  5. Experimental Research: conducting an experiment
  6. Field experiment: conducted in real world (not lab) where participants are unaware
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16
Q

Explain external and internal validity.

A

Internal Validity: only the manipulated variable, and no other external influence, could have produced the results.

External Validity: indication of how well the results of a study generalize to contexts besides those of the study itself.

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17
Q

How is debriefing done?

A

Asking participants directly if they understood the instructions, found the setup to be reasonable… used to educate participants about the questions being studied

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18
Q

What is regression to the mean?

A

The tendency for extreme scores to be followed by, or accompany, less extreme score.

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19
Q

What is statistical significance?

A

A measure of the probability a given result could have occurred by chance.

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20
Q

What’s the difference between basic and applied science?

A

Basic: concerned with trying to understand some phenomenon in its own right, with view toward using that understanding to build valid theories about the nature of some aspect of the world.

Applied: concerned with solving important real world problems.

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21
Q

What happens when informed consent is not possible?

A

Debriefing is important - researchers owe them full accounting of what was done

22
Q

Why does Zimbardo think prison is a brutal place?

A

Because there is an unequal balance of power.

In experiment, guards because verbally abusive and physically humiliated the inmates

23
Q

What’s hindsight bias?

A

People’s tendency to be overconfident about whether they could have predicted a given outcome.

24
Q

What’s the best way to ensure external validity?

A

Conduct a field experiment

25
Q

Statistical significance is primarily due to what 2 factors?

A
  1. The size of the difference between relational study
  2. The number of cases the finding is based on

(The larger the difference or relationship and the larger the number of cases, the greater statistical significance)

26
Q

Which universal committee examines research proposals?

A

Institutional Review Boar (IRB)

27
Q

What is “social me”?

A

The parts of self-knowledge that are derived from social relationships

28
Q

Why is it not as accurate to ask the person themselves when trying to understand someone?

A

People often lack self insight. People can readily provide explanations for their evaluations and behaviours that are not in fact accurate. There are some things we would rather not know about ourselves.

29
Q

Who’s a better judge of me?

A

Me for internal traits (thoughts, feelings, being optimistic)

Others for external traits (being outspoken..)

30
Q

Which countries promote independent vs interdependent self-construal?

A

Independent: western countries
Interdependent: Asian, eastern European, African and Latin American countries

31
Q

Which gender is interdependent?

A

Women are more interdependent as they are more likely when describing themselves to refer to social characteristics and relationships. They take on most of the responsibility for raising children.

32
Q

What is the social comparison theory?

A

The hypothesis that people compare themselves to other people in order to obtain an accurate assessment of their own opinions, abilities, and internal states

33
Q

What are the benefits for upward and downward social comparison?

A

Up: helps us to improve
Down: self-esteem benefits

34
Q

What are 3 domains that define one’s self-worth?

A

Social approval
Virtue
Competition

35
Q

What’s trait vs state self esteem?

A

Trait: a person’s enduring level of self-regard across time
State: the dynamic, changeable self-evaluation a person experiences as momentary feelings about the self

36
Q

What’s the difference between your actual self, your ideal self and your ought self?

A

Actual: the self you believe you are
Ideal: represents your hopes and wishes
Ought: represents your duties and obligations (what you feel you’re compelled to honor)

37
Q

What happens when people feel that their are failing to live up to their self standards?

A

Emotional consequences

38
Q

Which chemical is known for commitment in long term relationship? And where is it located?

A

Oxytocin, which is produced in the hypothalamus and released into the brain and bloodstream

39
Q

What are 6 universal emotions?

A

Fear, happiness, sadness, surprise, anger, disgust

40
Q

What are Darwin’s 3 hypotheses about emotional expression?

A
  1. It’s universal
  2. Our emotionally expressive behaviours should resemble those of other species
  3. Blind people will still show expressions the same way bc the tendency to express emotions has been encoded by evolutionary processes
41
Q

What are 5 components of emotion?

A
  1. Appraisal process
  2. Physiological responses
  3. Expressive behaviour
  4. Subjective feelings
  5. Action tendencies
42
Q

When shown pictures of people for even a tenth of a second and asked to rate them, what was this measuring?

A

Snap judgement

43
Q

When a teacher asks “are there any questions?” And students look confused but no hands are raised, the confused students believe that everyone else understands and they’re alone to be confused… what is this describing?

A

Pluralistic Ignorance (ppl act in conflict of their private beliefs)

44
Q

Researchers told teachers that some students were expected to bloom this year. The teachers then changed their patterns leading those students to bloom. What is this an example of?

A

Self-fulfilling prophecy

45
Q

Why do people accentuate elements when telling a story?

A

Desire to entertain

46
Q

Saying a piece of meat is 75% lean instead of 25% fat is an example of ___?

A

Positive framing

47
Q

Taking a heavy course load when making you schedule, but then realizing that it’s too much in a few weeks, is an example of what?

A

Temporal framing

48
Q

What is Confirmation Bias?

A

Tendency to test a proposition by searching for evidence that would support it, rather than contradict it.

49
Q

What are 2 measurable components of happiness?

A

Life satisfaction and emotional well-being

50
Q

What is the equation for evaluation?

A

Evaluation = Expectancy X Value

Social Psychology (2 decks)

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