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KP231 > Midterm #1 > Flashcards

Midterm #1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the medical model view on health?

A

focused on the individual and a biological/diseased organ perspective

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2
Q

What is the public health model view on health?

A

result of the individual’s interactions with the social and physical environment

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3
Q

What is the difference between health and wellness?

A

health - overall condition of the body and mind and presence or absence of illness

wellness - the way a person feels about his/her health and quality of life

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4
Q

According to the WHO, what are the results of having a high socioeconomic status?

A

happier and healthier life

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5
Q

What are the dimensions of wellness?

A 
Peter Eats Icy Icicles Some Evenings From Oma
physical
emotional
intellectual
interpersonal
spiritual
environmental
financial
occupational
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6
Q

What are social determinants of health?

A

factors that influence the health of individuals or groups

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7
Q

What are the leading causes of death today?

A

Carl Had Some Chronic Accidental Diabetes And Inturn Infected Kidneys

cancer 29.8
heart disease 20.7
stroke 5.9
chronic lower respiratory diseases 4.6
accidents 4.3
diabetes mellitus 2.9
Alzheimer's disease 2.6
influenza and pneumonia 2.4
intentional self-harm 1.6
kidney disease 1.5

total = 76.4% of all deaths

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8
Q

What were the leading causes of death in the 1900s?

A

pneumonia
tuberculosis
diarrhea

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9
Q

What are the life expectancies for males and females as of 2017?

A

males - 79

females - 83

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10
Q

What are some of the 10 greatest public health achievements of the 20th century?

A 
vaccinations
motor vehicle safety
workplace safety
control of infectious diseases
fluoridated drinking water
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11
Q

What leading causes of death among Canadians 15-24?

A

All Sharks Can Have Hearts

accidents 46.2%
suicides 26.9%
cancer 9.3%
homicide 8.8%
heart disease 3.6%
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12
Q

What is the Integrated Pan-Canadian Healthy Living Strategy?

A

federal, provincial, and territorial ministers of health come together

aims to improve overall health outcomes and reduce health disparities by increasing healthy eating, physical activity and healthy weights

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13
Q

What are the stages of the change model (transtheoretical model of behaviour change)?

A 
precontemplation
contemplation
preparation
action
maintenance
termination
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14
Q

What is self-efficacy?

A

belief in ability to take action and perform a specific task

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15
Q

What are some tips to develop a plan for behaviour change?

A

SMART principle (specific, measurable, attainable, realistic, timeframe specific)

analyze behaviour and identify patterns

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16
Q

What are the top 3 sources of health information?

A

health educators
health care medical staff
parents

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17
Q

What are the 6 basic health numbers Dr. Oz says everyone should know? How would you obtain these numbers?

A

blood pressure, fasting blood sugar, HDL level, LDL level, waist size, thyroid stimulating hormone, Vitamin D blood level

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18
Q

What does Dr. Oz mean by “putting it all together”?

A

being able to combine all aspects of health into a cohesive plan for your lifestyle

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19
Q

What are some health risks associated with climate change?

A

increased hot/cold related illness
severe weather
food system impacts (food insecurity, food borne illness)
degraded air quality

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20
Q

What is innovation?

A

process of translating an idea or invention into a product or service

idea must be replicable and satisfy a specific need

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21
Q

What are some recent health innovations?

A

virtual nurses
ICD-10
electronic medical records
AI-assisted surgery

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22
Q

What is stress?

A

a real or imagined threat to one’s well-being

leads to a series of physiological responses and adaptations that trigger physical and emotional reactions

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23
Q

What is a stressor?

A

physical, social, or psychological event or condition that upsets homeostasis and produces a stress response

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24
Q

What is distress?

A

“bad stress”

can have detrimental health effects

ex. exams, bills

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25
Q

What is eustress?

A

“good stress”

can present opportunities for personal growth

ex. first date

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26
Q

What is acute stress?

A

short-term physiological response to an intermediate perceived threat

ex. when someone cuts in front of you on the freeway

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27
Q

What is chronic stress?

A

ongoing state of physiological arousal in response to ongoing or numerous perceived threats

ex. sick family member

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28
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

parasympathetic
- in control when you are relaxed
food digestion, store energy, promote growth

sympathetic

  • activated during times of arousal
  • exercise and emergencies
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29
Q

What is the role of the endocrine system during stress?

A

triggered during stress to prepare body to react

glands, tissues, cells release hormones that trigger physiological reactions

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30
Q

Describe Hans Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome.

A

alarm
- stressor disrupts body stability

resistance
- adaptation resources mobilized to combat stressors, body maintains level of resistance to try to return to homeostasis

exhaustion
- body runs out of energy for adjusting to stressors, resistance drops below normal and causes allostatic load

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31
Q

What are some common physical symptoms of stress?

A

headaches, rashes, dizziness, aches and pains, fatigue, diarrhea, sweaty hands or feet, grinding teeth

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32
Q

What percentage of deaths and diseases are linked to stress?

A

40% of deaths

70% of diseases

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33
Q

What are the effects of stress on intellectual performance?

A

acute stress impairs short-term memory (particularly verbal)

prolonged stress linked to cortisol release, shrinks hippocampus

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34
Q

What are the common types of stress?

A 
major life changes
daily hassles 
post-secondary stressors
job-related stressors
social stressors
environmental stressors
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35
Q

What are the 4 main personality types in terms of stress?

A

A
ultra-competitive, aggressive, impatient, controlling

B
- relaxed, contemplative

C
- anger suppression, feeling hopeless and despair, exaggerated responses to stressors

D
- distressed, feel but don’t express negative emotions, avoid social contact

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36
Q

What is allostatic load?

A

long term wear and tear of the stress response

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37
Q

What is psychoimmunology?

A

study of interactions among nervous, endocrine, and immune systems

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38
Q

What kinds of problems can result from unresolved chronic stress?

A

cardiovascular disease, psychological problems, altered immune system, insomnia, menstrual irregularities

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39
Q

What are some counterproductive coping strategies?

A

tobacco, alcohol, drugs, poor diet

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40
Q

What is psychological health?

A

capacity to think, feel, and behave in ways that contribute to our ability to enjoy life and manage challenges

complex interaction among mental, emotional, social, spiritual dimensions

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41
Q

What are the levels of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?

A

physiological needs, safety and security, love and belongingness, self esteem, self actualization

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42
Q

What are some characteristics of psychologically healthy people?

A

positive outlook, comfortable around others, meet demands of life

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43
Q

What is mental health?

A

thinking/rational dimension of our health

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44
Q

What is emotional health?

A

the feeling/subjective side of our health

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45
Q

What are some influencing factors on our psychological health?

A

family and social support
personality
self-efficacy
life span and mortality

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46
Q

What are some strategies to enhance psychological health?

A

find support group
form realistic expectations
“you-time”
maintain physical health

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47
Q

What are mental illnesses?

A

disorders that disrupt thinking, feeling, mood, behaviour

varying degrees of impaired functioning in daily living

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48
Q

What is the role of Erikson’s Stage of Development?

A

once a stage is mastered, development can progress

failure to master a stage before moving on can have repercussions

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49
Q

What is an adult identity?

A

knowing who you are, your roles, and your capabilities

unified self (attitudes, beliefs, actions)

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50
Q

How does one develop intimacy?

A

learn to live intimately with others and find a productive role for yourself in society

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51
Q

How does one develop a positive self-concept?

A

begins in childhood by feelings loved and believed in

integration (feeling one has created their own self-concept) is crucial

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52
Q

What are the main types of anxiety disorders?

A 
simple phobia
social phobia
panic disorders
GAD 
OCD
addictions
PTSD
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53
Q

What is a simple phobia?

A

phobia of something definite

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54
Q

What is a social phobia?

A

fear of humiliation or embarrassment while being observed by others

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55
Q

What are panic disorders?

A

sudden surges in anxiety

rapid heartbeat, shortness of breath, feelings of losing control

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56
Q

What is GAD?

A

generalized anxiety disorder

excessive, uncontrollable worry about everything

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57
Q

What is OCD?

A

obsessive compulsive disorder

obsessions - recurrent, unwanted thoughts

compulsions - repetitive, difficult to resist actions

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58
Q

What are behavioural addictions?

A

urges to engage in a behaviour create anxiety, engaging in certain behaviour creates relief

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59
Q

What is PTSD?

A

post-traumatic stress disorder

reaction to a severely traumatic event

flashbacks, dreams, hallucinations about event

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60
Q

What are mood disorders?

A

emotional disturbances that are intense and persistent enough to affect normal functioning

major depression, dysthymia, bipolar disorder, seasonal affective disorder

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61
Q

Who is affected by depression?

A

11% of Canadians

Women are 2x as likely

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62
Q

What is dysthymic disorder?

A

less severe form of depression

milder, chronic, harder to recognize

fatigue, pessimism, short temper

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63
Q

What are some common symptoms of depression?

A

many forms but usually involve demoralization

feelings of sadness/loss of hope
loss of usual pleasure
poor appetite/weight loss
insomnia/fatigue
trouble making decisions and concentrating
thoughts of suicide or death
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64
Q

What is bipolar disorder?

A

alternating states of mania and depression

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65
Q

What is SAD?

A

seasonal affective disorder

depression that occurs during the winter months when there is less sunlight

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66
Q

What are some common signs of suicide contemplation?

A 
changes in personality or appearance
inability to let go of recent grief
expressions of self-hatred
preoccupation with death
final preparations (letter, giving things away)
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67
Q

What percentage of Canadians seek treatment for their depression? What types of therapy are used?

A

10%

drug therapy, psychotherapy, or combination

severe - electroconvulsive therapy

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68
Q

What are the characteristics of schizophrenia?

A 
disorganized thoughts
inappropriate emotions
delusions
auditory hallucinations
deteriorating social and work functioning
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69
Q

What are the models of Human Nature and Therapeutic Change?

A

biological
behavioural
cognitive
psychodynamic

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70
Q

What is the biological model of HN&TC?

A

view that the mind’s activity depends on the brain and its genetic composition

typical treatment option is pharmacological

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71
Q

What is the behavioural model of HN&TC?

A

view that stimulus, response, and reinforcement determine behaviour

typical treatment option is identifying and altering behaviour reinforcers

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72
Q

What is the cognitive model of HN&TC?

A

view that attitudes, expectations, and motives determine behaviour

typical treatment option is therapy that attempts to identify false ideas that produce anxiety/depression

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73
Q

What is the psychodynamic model of HN&TC?

A

view that unconscious ideas and impulses feed thoughts and behaviours

typical treatment option is therapy where patients speak freely to understand the basis of their feelings and gain insights

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74
Q

What is spirituality?

A

a sense of purpose and meaning in life beyond material values

quest for answers to the ultimate questions about life, meaning, and our relationship with the sacred

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75
Q

What are the facets of spirituality?

A

healthy relationships

  • with ourselves and others
  • honesty, integrity, love

values
- what we care about

purpose
- ability to articulate own purpose, make choices manifesting that purpose

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76
Q

What are social determinants of health?

A

factors which we live in that impact our health and well-being

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77
Q

What are societal determinants of health?

A

conditions in the social, physical, and economic environment

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78
Q

What are some social determinants of health?

A 
income and income distribution
education and literacy
unemployment and job security
employment and working conditions
childhood experiences/development
food security
housing
social exclusion
social safety net
access to health services
gender and age
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79
Q

What is the most important social determinant?

A

income and income distribution

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80
Q

How does income and income distribution influence our health?

A

shapes overall living conditions, affects psychological functioning, influences health-related behaviours

determines other social determinants

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81
Q

How does education and literacy influence our health?

A

people with higher education tend to be happier

highly correlated with other social determinants of health

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82
Q

What percentage of people in Canada have some kind of post-secondary education?

A

50%

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83
Q

How does unemployment and job security influence our health?

A

leads to material and social deprivation, stress, and health-threatening coping mechanisms

job insecurity has been increasing

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84
Q

How does employment and working conditions influence our health?

A

we spend a lot of time at work

people that are most vulnerable due to low income and education are also most likely to experience adverse working conditions

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85
Q

What specific working dimensions shape our health outcomes?

A 
employment security
work pace and stress
working hours
opportunities for self-expression
development at work
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86
Q

How does childhood experiences and development influence our health?

A

strong immediate and long-term biopsychosocial effects on health

quality of childhood shaped by the economic and social resources available to parents

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87
Q

How does food insecurity influence our health?

A

basic need

malnutrition has long-term effects on child development

88
Q

What percentage of Canadian households experience food insecurity?

A

9% (2.7 million)

5.2% at child-level

89
Q

How does housing influence our health?

A

poor quality housing and homelessness are immediate threats to the health

necessity for living healthily

90
Q

What specific adverse health outcomes can arise from low-standard housing?

A 
presence of lead and mold
poor heating and drafts
inadequate ventilation
vermin
overcrowding
91
Q

How does social exclusion impact our health?

A

specific groups being denied the opportunity to participate in social life

creates feeling of powerlessness, hopelessness, depression

living conditions and experiences that endanger health

92
Q

What are some examples of groups that have been socially excluded?

A 
Aboriginals
Women
Children
Immigrants
Physically or Mentally challenged people
93
Q

How does social safety net influence our health?

A

range of benefits and supports that protect the health of citizens that have access

unemployment benefits, child support, senior’s benefits, advancement training

94
Q

How does access to health services influence our health?

A

basic human right

Canadian Health Act says every Canadian has to be provided uniform access to health services in a way free of financial barriers

95
Q

What is ANC?

A

antenatal care

care delivered by health professionals during pregnancy

reduces IMR and MMR

96
Q

How does gender and age influence our health?

A

impacts nutrition and development, violence, social status, economic independence

97
Q

What are health inequities?

A

systematic and unjust distribution of social, economic, and environmental conditions

98
Q

What makes Canadians sick?

A

mostly own life factors 50%

99
Q

Who is most likely to sustain an injury?

A

males

those with lower socioeconomic status

100
Q

What is the leading cause of death under age 45?

A

injuries

intentional and unintentional

101
Q

What is the leading cause of 1) death and 2) hospitalization for children 1-14?

A

death - motor vehicle collision

hospitalization - falls

102
Q

What affects the risk of injuries for 15-24 year olds?

A

pubertal changes affect risk perception, reward seeking, social images

frontal lobe development (impulsivity and decision making)

alcohol and cannabis use

103
Q

How do Aboriginal communities differ in terms of injuries?

A

3.5x higher than national average

motor vehicle collisions, suicide, overdose, drowning, burns, violence, falls

104
Q

Why do Aboriginals communities differ in terms of injuries?

A

colonization, globalization, migration effects

105
Q

What is population health?

A

approach aims to improve health status of the population, rather than that of the individual

reduce inequalities among population groups

106
Q

What is the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion?

A

1986

instrumental report in the introduction of population health to Canada

107
Q

What is Health Canada?

A

federal development responsible for maintenance and improvement of Canadian’s health

108
Q

What is the PHAC?

A

Public Health Agency of Canada

responds to national emergencies, implements health promotion and injury/disease prevention initiatives

109
Q

What is the CIHI?

A

Canadian Institute for Health Information

provide info and analysis and on Canadian Health Care System and the health of Canadians

110
Q

What is the CIFAR?

A

Canadian Institution for Advanced Research

nonprofit organization

brings together global researchers to share ideas and theories

111
Q

What is the CPRN?

A

Canadian Policy Research Networks

generate knowledge/discussion about socioeconomic issues in Canada

112
Q

What are the Canadian Institutes of Health Research?

A

federal funding agency for health research

13 institutes in collaboration

113
Q

What is Statistics Canada?

A

branch of federal government that gathers info on every aspect of life from each province and territory

national census every 5 years

114
Q

What is CPHI?

A

created to examine patterns of health among populations in Canada and determine what could be done to improve

115
Q

What did the 2007-2010 Action Plan (CPHI) focus on?

A

healthy weights

place and health

determinants of mental health and resilience

reducing gaps in health

116
Q

Describe the first medical school?

A

Montreal 1825

only wealthy could afford, others received through organizations or family/friends

117
Q

Describe the first hospital?

A

Hotel-Dieu de Quebec 1637

charitable institution

118
Q

What are some volunteer organizations?

A

Red Cross, YMCA, Order of St. John

met health care needs in 18th and early 19th century

119
Q

What is the Hall Report?

A

commission on health services

foundation of the Medical Care Act

recommended that the number of physicians be doubled by 1990 to meet demands of aging population

120
Q

What is the Medical Care Act?

A

1968

in order to receive funds, provincial and territorial health plans had to meet criteria of:

  • universality
  • portability
  • comprehensive coverage
  • public administration
  • accessibility
121
Q

What is the Canada Health Act?

A

1984, still in place today

governs our health care delivery system

goal is to provide equal, prepaid, accessible health care to eligible Canadians

122
Q

What are some extended health services consider to be medically necessary?

A

intermediate nursing home care
adult residential care services
home care services
services in ambulatory care centres

123
Q

How does health care receive funding?

A

personal and corporate taxes, Worker’s Compensation Boards

funds raised by local volunteer organizations

124
Q

What is the 2nd largest health care expense and how much does it cost Canadians?

A

drugs

$29.8 billion/897 per Canadian

125
Q

What are the factors that drive drug sales?

A 
increased usage
increased costs
aging population
health care system factors
introduction of new drugs
126
Q

What field of health spending is increasing at the highest rate?

A

drugs

127
Q

What are the benefits of electronic health records (EHR)?

A

improved safety

coordinated care for clients

substantial cost savings

128
Q

Who is responsible for the implementation of EHR?

A

Canada Health Infoway

129
Q

What is the general structure of health plans?

A

each ministry is headed by an elected member of parliament appointed to Minister of Health position

130
Q

What are ministries of health?

A

provide leadership and support
implement and regulate health insurance
negotiate salaries and other policies with physicians professional associations

131
Q

What do provincial/territorial/municipal governments provide some funding for?

A 
preventative health measures
treatment of chronic disease
medical and hospital-based services
community-based rehab care
care for nursing home residents

fund/regulate all hospitals

132
Q

What is private health insurance?

A

3rd party health insurance offsets cost of non-covered services

60% of Canadians carry private health insurance

benefits such as vision, dental, private nursing, personal assistive devices

133
Q

What are the criteria for a provincial insurance plan?

A

Canadian citizenship or permanent resident status

resident of province or territory in which seeking coverage

physically in that area at least 6 months a year

134
Q

How is health care fraud being prevented?

A

individuals must present card at point of service for validation

most now have photo ID cards

135
Q

What are some things provincial and territorial governments must decide on?

A

need for different types of hospital beds
structure of system
hospital budgets
physician fees

136
Q

What population groups do provincial/territorial governments provide services to?

A 
income assistance
older adults
disabled people
children of low-income families
First Nations/Inuit populations on reserves
137
Q

Describe the H1N1 outbreak.

A

outbreak in Mexico killed 80 in the first few days, they closed everything involving crowds

Canada implemented measures to monitor those returning from Mexico

WHO raised pandemic alert level to phase 6

138
Q

What are the main frequently reported global health indicators?

A 
infant mortality rate
maternal mortality rate
life expectancy
% of children immunized
per capita annual expenditure in health
wait time for services
139
Q

What are some other global health indicators to be considered?

A

total fertility rate (TFR)
healthy life expectancy
under-5 mortality rate
quality-adjusted life-year (QALY)

140
Q

What is the Public Health Act?

A

1882

first permanent health care administrative body

became Department of Health in 1925, became Ministry of Health in 1971, Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care in 1999, and Local Health Integrated Network in 2007

141
Q

When were hospitals insured?

A

1959

142
Q

When were physicians services insured?

A

1966

combined under OHIP in 1972 (Ontario Health Insurance Plan)

143
Q

What types of programs make up the health care system?

A 
community-based/pre-hospital
acute care settings
retirement homes
long-term care/institutionalized care settings
chronic care/rehab facilities
144
Q

What types of programs make up the community-based section of the health care system?

A 
family physicians
visiting nurses
EMS by paramedics
walk-in clinics
university health services
out-patient lab/x-ray/ultrasound
community care programs
145
Q

What are the components of EMS?

A

paramedics

  • primary care (PCP)
  • advanced care (ACP)
  • critical care (CCP)

ambulance

  • land
  • air
146
Q

What are the costs of an ambulance?

A

if you’re a resident of Ontario with a valid health card, physician deems ambulance ride medically necessary, and trip starts and ends in Ontario
- $45

without that?
minimum $240 for land

147
Q

What are acute care settings?

A

hospitals

148
Q

What is the oldest public hospital in Canada?

A

1838 Kingston General Hospital

149
Q

How many ER visits were there in 2016/2017?

A

6.4 milllion

150
Q

What are the levels of care facility?

A 
primary care (ex. ER)
- basic hospital care (ED visits)

secondary care (ex. hospital care)

  • specialist health care
  • usually after referral from primary care physician
tertiary care (ex. mental health centre)
- specialized skills, technology, support services
quaternary care (ex. Sick Kids Hospital)
- highly specialized skills, technology, support services
151
Q

What are the 2 ways to enter the health care system?

A

emergency department

direct admission

152
Q

What are the characteristics of frequent emergency department users?

A

low SES
low education
smokers
comorbid conditions

153
Q

What is the purpose of triage?

A 
obtain brief patient history
rapid physical assessment
necessary first aid
transfer patient to another care area 
provide CTAS
154
Q

What is the CTAS?

A

Canadian ED Triage and Acuity Scale
1988
way of prioritizing patients based on acuity of their presentation
sickest seen first even when there are delays

155
Q

What are the levels of the CTAS?

A

Level 1
resuscitation
need to be seen immediately

Level 2
emergent
need to be seen within 15
W
Level 3
urgent
need to be seen within 30

Level 4
less urgent
need to be seen within 60

Level 5
non-urgent
need to be seen within 120

156
Q

What are the causes of overcrowding in emergency departments?

A

lack of beds
shortage of nurses
increased complexity and acuity of patients in ED
increase in patient volumes
delay in external services (ex. laboratory)
difficulties in transfer process or arranging follow-ups

157
Q

What is overcrowding in emergency departments?

A

a situation in which the demand for emergency services exceeds the ability of a department to provide quality care within acceptable time frames

158
Q

What are the effects of overcrowding in emergency departments?

A 
public safety at risk
prolonged pain and suffering
patient dissatisfaction
long waits
increased costs
159
Q

What are some proposed solutions to overcrowding in emergency departments?

A

increase capacity to provide critical care and long-term care beds
expand supply of qualified emergency nurses
recruitment/retention initiatives for emergency physicians

160
Q

What are the 2 ways out of the hospital?

A

discharge or death

161
Q

What are retirement homes?

A

privately owned

seniors who need minimal-moderate support with ADLs

shared rooms, bachelor, 1 and 2 bedroom apartments

162
Q

What kind of costs are associated with retirement homes?

A

not subsidized by the government
services vary by site
fees range 1500-5000/month

163
Q

What are nursing homes/long-term care?

A

24 hour supervision and nursing care
access to physician
services such as meals, laundry, medical equipment

164
Q

What are the differences in regulation between retirement homes and long-term care homes?

A

retirement homes
not regulated
“tenant protection act” like in an apartment

nursing homes
regulated by Ministry
compliance standards, unannounced audits

165
Q

Who covers medications?

A

OHIP under 24

ODB over 65

166
Q

What is the complete definition of epidemiology?

A

the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states and events in populations, and the application of this study for the prevention and control of health problems

167
Q

What (functionally) is epidemiology?

A

basic science concerned with patterns of disease frequency in human population

distribution of disease by person, place, and time

168
Q

What are the assumptions made by epidemiology?

A

disease does not occur randomly

disease has an identifiable cause

169
Q

What are the aims of epidemiology?

A

describe the health status of a population
explain the cause of the disease
predict disease occurrence
evaluate the control of disease distribution

170
Q

What are the purposes of epidemiology?

A
  1. identify cause and risk factors for disease
  2. determine extent of disease in community
  3. study natural history and prognosis of disease
  4. evaluate preventive and therapeutic measures
  5. provide foundation for public policy
171
Q

What are the applications of epidemiology?

A 
study cause of disease
determine causative factors
determine characteristics of causative factors
determine mode of transmission
determine contributing factors
determine geographic patterns
172
Q

What is the epidemiological process?

A

define problem
- hypothesis statement

identify cause - test hypothesis
- is there an association between exposure and outcome

interpret results

  • threats to validity
  • role of chance
173
Q

Who was Edward Jenner?

A

1749-1823

developed vaccine against smallpox using cowpox
160 years before virus was identified

174
Q

Who was John Snow?

A

1813-1858
“father of epidemiology”
described association between dirty water and cholera
44 years before virus identified

175
Q

Who was Ignaz Semmelweis?

A

described association between childhood fever and physician’s unclean hands

176
Q

Who was James Lind?

A

showed (through famous experiment) that scurvy can be treated with limes, lemons, oranges

Ascorbic acid discovered 175 years later

177
Q

Who was Joseph Goldberger?

A

showed pellagra was not infectious but nutritional in origin

could be prevented by increasing amount of animal products in diet and subbing oatmeal for corn grits

178
Q

What are statistics?

A

concerned with collection, organization, summary, analysis of data

draw inferences about data when only part was observed

179
Q

What is biostatistics?

A

application of statistical methods to biological and health-related questions

descriptive and inferential

180
Q

Describe the casual model of risk factors for CVD.

A

environmental factors - behavioural risk factors and genetic factors - biological risk factors - morbidity and mortality

181
Q

What is descriptive epidemiology?

A

describes health conditions and characteristics of populations

in terms of person, place, time

182
Q

What is analytic epidemiology?

A

systematic evaluation of suspected relationships

ex. between an exposure and health outcome

183
Q

What are the 3 essential characteristics of descriptive epidemiology?

A

person
- age, gender, diet, SES, job, etc

place
- climate, pop density, economic development, etc

time
- age, calendar time, temporal trends, etc

184
Q

What is the basic triad of analytical epidemiology?

A

host, agent, environment

185
Q

What are some agents in the basic triad of analytical epidemiology?

A 
nutrients
poisons
allergens
radiation
physical trauma
psychological experiences
186
Q

What are some host factors in the basic triad of analytical epidemiology?

A

genetic endowment
immunologic state
age
personal behaviour

187
Q

What are some environment factors in the basic triad of analytical epidemiology?

A

crowding

atmosphere

188
Q

What are modes of communication?

A

phenomena in the environment that bring host and agent together

ex. vector, vehicle, reservoir

189
Q

What is aggregate data?

A

vital statistics
census/government data-gathering
workplace monitoring systems

190
Q

What is individual-level data?

A

medical records
questionnaires
national surveys

191
Q

What are the types of data sources?

A

primary
- collected specifically for the study

secondary

  • collected for another purpose
  • possibly not as well suited for question of current interest
192
Q

What are the types of research design used?

A

descriptive
- case studies, cross sectional, routine analysis

analytical
- cohort, randomized clinical trials, case control

193
Q

What is bias?

A

systematic errors from flaws in study design or data collection

deviation of results or interpretations from the truth

194
Q

What are the types of bias?

A

selection bias
non-comparable criteria used to enlist participants

information bias
non-comparable info obtained due to interviewer or recall bias

195
Q

What is confounding?

A

mixing of effects (exposure, disease, and other factors) such that the effects of the 2 are not separated

distorted information obtained

196
Q

What are ratios?

A

values of x and y compared

may be completely independent, or x may be included in y

197
Q

What is proportion?

A

a ratio when x is included in y

198
Q

What is a rate?

A

proportion with added dimension

measures the occurrence of an event in the population

199
Q

What is prevalence?

A

proportion of a specific population having a particular disease

number of cases divided by the population at risk

200
Q

What are the 3 components of prevalence?

A

existing cases
population at risk to have condition
point in time which the prevalence is measured

201
Q

What is incidence?

A

proportion of a specific disease-free population developing a particular disease in a specific study period

number of new cases divided by population at risk over time

202
Q

What are the 3 components of incidence?

A

new cases
population at risk
interval of time

203
Q

What are common measures of differences in disease?

A

risk difference
attributable fraction
risk ratio
odds ratio

204
Q

What is risk difference?

A

difference between disease risk in an exposed population and risk in a non-exposed population

205
Q

What is attributable fraction?

A

combines risk difference and prevalence

assumes exposure increases risk

206
Q

What is risk ratio?

A

ratio of disease risk in an exposed population to disease risk in a non-exposed population

207
Q

What is odds ratio?

A

number of times an outcome occurs to the number of times it does not occur

208
Q

What is Canada’s life expectancy grade?

A

B

209
Q

What is infant mortality rate?

A

rate at which babies younger than 1 die

reflects economic and social conditions for health of mothers and newborns as well as health system effectiveness

210
Q

What is Canada’s infant mortality rate grade?

A

C

shockingly low

211
Q

What is maternal mortality rate?

A

ratio used to associate mortality with pregnancy

much less common than IMR, usually expressed as a rate per 100,000

212
Q

How much money will AI-assisted surgery save?

A

40 billion

213
Q

How much money will virtual nurses save?

A

20 billion

214
Q

What are some of the 10 signs of wellness?

A 
persistent presence
positive expectations
happy experiences
spiritual involvement
changing conditions
stress response
physical activity
communicate feelings
generosity
humour
215
Q

What was Canada’s infant mortality rate in 2007?

A

5.4/1000 live births

216
Q

What are the top reported impediments to academic performance? How much have they increased between 2010 and 2013?

A

stress 27.8 to 38.7

sleep difficulties 20 to 27.1

anxiety 18.6 to 28.5

KP231 (2 decks)

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