Primate behaviour > Midterm 1 - Primate Behaviour and Taxonomy > Flashcards

Midterm 1 - Primate Behaviour and Taxonomy Flashcards

(45 cards)

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1
Q

What are the four main reasons why we study primates in anthropology

A
  1. Primates are our closest living relatives
  2. Sociality - social capital
  3. understanding early human behaviour
  4. conservation - 6th mass extinction event? study the indicator species
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2
Q

What are the two different approaches to studying early human behaviour through primates.

A
  1. Anthropocentric approach - includes the referential model

2. behavioural ecology - includes the strategic model

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3
Q

Describe the steps of behavioural ecology in the field when studying living primates

A
  1. ecological pressures
  2. key strategy of females - feeding and environment
  3. Distribution and relationships of females
  4. key strategy of males
  5. do male strategies change the optimal strategies of females?
  6. social system
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4
Q

what is the difference between generalized vs derived traits

A
  1. generalized - more closely resembling the common ancestor of the group of ancestral traits - pentadactyly
  2. Derived - specialized traits that are not shared with the last common ancestor- bipedalism
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5
Q

what is the difference between homology and homoplasy?

A

Homology - a trait inherited from the last common ancestor

homoplasy - a trait found in 2 or more species that have evolved independently in each species - suspensory locomotion

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6
Q

define and contrast parallel and convergent evolution.

A
  1. parallel - two closely related species that didn’t exhibit the trait, may end up having the trait if they face similar ecological pressures
  2. convergent - two distantly relates species, converge on a similar solution to the same ecological pressures
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7
Q

what are the four primate patterns that are distinct to primates

A
  1. grasping hands and feet
  2. visual systems - stereoscopic vision
  3. large complex brains
  4. skeletal and dental features
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8
Q

what are two facts about stereoscopic vision?

A
  1. accurate depth perception

2. found in most predatory animals

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9
Q

What is the dental formula for ancestral mammals, primitive primates, and later primates (including humans)

A
  1. 3.1.4.3 = 44 teeth
  2. 2.1.3.3 = 36 teeth
  3. 2.1.2.3 = 32 teeth
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10
Q

what is asymmetrical bimanuality?

A

Being able to use both hands to do different things. using tools for example.

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11
Q

What are the two parts of the brain used for tool use and dexterity?

A
  1. cerebellum

2. motor cortex

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12
Q

What is most important part of the brain used for planning?

A

Neocortex

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13
Q

What is the relationship between the amygdala and social relationships?

A

the more complex a persons social network the larger the amygdala

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14
Q

What is the main polarizing difference between chimps and bonobos of the pan genus?

A

Chimps can be quite aggressive when it comes to feeding and territory. whereas bonobos are very empathetic and non-violent, and tend to replace aggression with seduction.

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15
Q

Which species of greater ape is said to have self-domesticated?

A

Pan Bonobos

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16
Q

What are the suffixes for superfamily, family, and subfamily?

A
  1. *oidea
  2. *idae
  3. *inae
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17
Q

strepsirrhines, encompass what 6 morphological traits?

A
  • nocturnal eyes - tapetum lucidum
  • wet nose - rhinarium
  • independently mobile ears
  • immobile upper lip - inexpressive faces
  • grooming/toilet claw
  • dental formula 2.1.3.3
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18
Q

What are strepsirrhines main mode of locomotion?

A

vertical clinging and leaping

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19
Q

what are the three infraorders of strepsirrhines?

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A
  • Lemuriformes
  • Lorisiformes
  • Chiromyiformes
20
Q

define adaptive radiation

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A

the evolutionary process by which a species diversifies to occupy different ecological niches

21
Q

name the two families that make up the family Lemuroidea, and then compare and contrast the two.

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A
  1. Indriidae
    - arboreal and terrestrial
    - medium to large-sized
    - diurnal and nocturnal
    - folivorous
    - only 200 left
    - indri and sifaka
  2. Lemuridae
    - arboreal and terrestrial
    - medium-sized
    - diurnal
    - diverse diet and social organization
    - Madagascar highlands
    - ring-tailed lemur (dichromatic)
22
Q

which infraorder has these traits?

  • solitary
  • diet of mainly insects and fruit
  • arboreal and nocturnal
  • Asia and Africa
  • vertical clinging and leaping
23
Q

Which primate cannot move its eyes and is able to jump up to 16 feet from tree to tree?

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A

Galagos - bush babies

24
Q

Name the superfamily and family that aye-aye belongs to and their distinct traits

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A 
Chiromyiformes and Daubentenidae 
they are
- nocturnal
- solitary 
- continually growing incisors like rodents 
- omnivorous - bony finger
- reduced dentition 1.0.1.3
25
what are characteristics of the suborder haplorhine?
- all diurnal - except tarsiers and owl monkeys - dry noses - flatter faces - immobile ears - mobile upper lip and expressive faces
26
what are four characteristics of tarsiformes?
- in SE Asia - nocturnal but lack tapetum lucidum - can communicate using ultrasound - its name from elongated tarsus bone for running and jumping
27
What is the taphonomic name for new world monkeys?
Platyrrhines
28
What characteristics are unique to new world monkeys?
- Only in the Americas - round side-facing nostrils - smaller body sizes -tails dental formulas 2.1.3.3
29
Which two families constitute Ceboidea?
Callitrichidae and Atelidae
30
Which four features distinguish the family atelidae? Which two species make up this family?
1. arboreal and diurnal 2. polygamous 3. fission-fusion society 4. prehensile tails - 5th limb - Howler (dichromatic) and Spider Monkeys
31
Which family of monkeys have prehensile tails?
family atelidae
32
Which family do these traits represent? - smallest monkeys - claws instead of nails - monogamous and polyandrous groups - twins - little sexual dimorphism - male care of infants - Marmosets and Tamarins - dominant female
Callitrichidae
33
Superfamily Cercopithecoidea, cercopithecidae, Cercopithecinae. What characteristics are unique to this subfamily? 7
1. diurnal 2. diverse diet and social organization 3. sexually dimorphic and male-male competition 4. large-bodied 5. cheek pouches 6. ischial callosities 7. sexual swelling
34
What are the three main species within the cercopithecinae?
- Baboons - africa - Macaques - Asia - Guenons - Africa
35
Cercopithecoidea, Cercopithecidae, Colobinae. What characteristics are unique to this family? 6
- diurnal - mostly arboreal - large-bodied - a wide range of habitats - folivorous and complex multichambered stomachs - diversity in social organization
36
Which primate has a stubbed thumb that is basically useless?
Colobus
37
which Hominoidea family do these traits belong to? - SE Asia - monogamous - sexual dichromatism - territorial - very vocal - suspensory locomotion
Hylobatidae including gibbons and siamangs
38
Where are Gorilla gorilla and Gorilla beringei located in Africa?
Gorilla gorilla - Western Africa | Gorilla beringei - Eastern Africa
39
Which two species constitutes the genus pan? and how are they different?
``` Chimpanzee - Pan troglodytes - omnivorous - tool use - high levels of male aggression Bonobos - Pan paniscus - frugivorous - recent evidence of hunting - low levels of male aggression - able to show empathy ```
40
What traits do all Homininae great apes share?
Facultative bipedalism and knuckle-walking
41
How closely are we related to great apes genetically?
Pongo - 98% Pan - 98% Gorilla - 96%
42
What is meant by Habeus Corpus?
Recourse in law to get someone out of jail.
43
What are the three species of the genus Pongo?
- Pongo Pygmeaus - Borneo - Pongo Abelii - Sumatra - Pongo Tapanuliensis - Sumatra - frizzy hair
44
Which species of Simiiformes has cultural variations, depending on the individual
Pongo Pygmeaus including kiss squeak, umbrella making, and nests
45
What is meant by quadrumanual locomotion
Arboreal locomotion where all limbs participate in holding onto trees
Primate behaviour
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