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Primate behaviour > Midterm 1 - Primate Behaviour and Taxonomy > Flashcards

Midterm 1 - Primate Behaviour and Taxonomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four main reasons why we study primates in anthropology

A
  1. Primates are our closest living relatives
  2. Sociality - social capital
  3. understanding early human behaviour
  4. conservation - 6th mass extinction event? study the indicator species
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2
Q

What are the two different approaches to studying early human behaviour through primates.

A
  1. Anthropocentric approach - includes the referential model

2. behavioural ecology - includes the strategic model

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3
Q

Describe the steps of behavioural ecology in the field when studying living primates

A
  1. ecological pressures
  2. key strategy of females - feeding and environment
  3. Distribution and relationships of females
  4. key strategy of males
  5. do male strategies change the optimal strategies of females?
  6. social system
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4
Q

what is the difference between generalized vs derived traits

A
  1. generalized - more closely resembling the common ancestor of the group of ancestral traits - pentadactyly
  2. Derived - specialized traits that are not shared with the last common ancestor- bipedalism
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5
Q

what is the difference between homology and homoplasy?

A

Homology - a trait inherited from the last common ancestor

homoplasy - a trait found in 2 or more species that have evolved independently in each species - suspensory locomotion

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6
Q

define and contrast parallel and convergent evolution.

A
  1. parallel - two closely related species that didn’t exhibit the trait, may end up having the trait if they face similar ecological pressures
  2. convergent - two distantly relates species, converge on a similar solution to the same ecological pressures
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7
Q

what are the four primate patterns that are distinct to primates

A
  1. grasping hands and feet
  2. visual systems - stereoscopic vision
  3. large complex brains
  4. skeletal and dental features
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8
Q

what are two facts about stereoscopic vision?

A
  1. accurate depth perception

2. found in most predatory animals

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9
Q

What is the dental formula for ancestral mammals, primitive primates, and later primates (including humans)

A
  1. 3.1.4.3 = 44 teeth
  2. 2.1.3.3 = 36 teeth
  3. 2.1.2.3 = 32 teeth
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10
Q

what is asymmetrical bimanuality?

A

Being able to use both hands to do different things. using tools for example.

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11
Q

What are the two parts of the brain used for tool use and dexterity?

A
  1. cerebellum

2. motor cortex

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12
Q

What is most important part of the brain used for planning?

A

Neocortex

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13
Q

What is the relationship between the amygdala and social relationships?

A

the more complex a persons social network the larger the amygdala

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14
Q

What is the main polarizing difference between chimps and bonobos of the pan genus?

A

Chimps can be quite aggressive when it comes to feeding and territory. whereas bonobos are very empathetic and non-violent, and tend to replace aggression with seduction.

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15
Q

Which species of greater ape is said to have self-domesticated?

A

Pan Bonobos

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16
Q

What are the suffixes for superfamily, family, and subfamily?

A
  1. *oidea
  2. *idae
  3. *inae
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17
Q

strepsirrhines, encompass what 6 morphological traits?

A
  • nocturnal eyes - tapetum lucidum
  • wet nose - rhinarium
  • independently mobile ears
  • immobile upper lip - inexpressive faces
  • grooming/toilet claw
  • dental formula 2.1.3.3
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18
Q

What are strepsirrhines main mode of locomotion?

A

vertical clinging and leaping

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19
Q

what are the three infraorders of strepsirrhines?

A
  • Lemuriformes
  • Lorisiformes
  • Chiromyiformes
20
Q

define adaptive radiation

A

the evolutionary process by which a species diversifies to occupy different ecological niches

21
Q

name the two families that make up the family Lemuroidea, and then compare and contrast the two.

A
  1. Indriidae
    - arboreal and terrestrial
    - medium to large-sized
    - diurnal and nocturnal
    - folivorous
    - only 200 left
    - indri and sifaka
  2. Lemuridae
    - arboreal and terrestrial
    - medium-sized
    - diurnal
    - diverse diet and social organization
    - Madagascar highlands
    - ring-tailed lemur (dichromatic)
22
Q

which infraorder has these traits?

  • solitary
  • diet of mainly insects and fruit
  • arboreal and nocturnal
  • Asia and Africa
  • vertical clinging and leaping
A

Lorisiformes

23
Q

Which primate cannot move its eyes and is able to jump up to 16 feet from tree to tree?

A

Galagos - bush babies

24
Q

Name the superfamily and family that aye-aye belongs to and their distinct traits

A 
Chiromyiformes and Daubentenidae 
they are
- nocturnal
- solitary 
- continually growing incisors like rodents 
- omnivorous - bony finger
- reduced dentition 1.0.1.3
25
Q

what are characteristics of the suborder haplorhine?

A
  • all diurnal - except tarsiers and owl monkeys
  • dry noses
  • flatter faces
  • immobile ears
  • mobile upper lip and expressive faces
26
Q

what are four characteristics of tarsiformes?

A
  • in SE Asia
  • nocturnal but lack tapetum lucidum
  • can communicate using ultrasound
  • its name from elongated tarsus bone for running and jumping
27
Q

What is the taphonomic name for new world monkeys?

A

Platyrrhines

28
Q

What characteristics are unique to new world monkeys?

A
  • Only in the Americas
  • round side-facing nostrils
  • smaller body sizes
    -tails
    dental formulas 2.1.3.3
29
Q

Which two families constitute Ceboidea?

A

Callitrichidae and Atelidae

30
Q

Which four features distinguish the family atelidae? Which two species make up this family?

A
  1. arboreal and diurnal
  2. polygamous
  3. fission-fusion society
  4. prehensile tails - 5th limb
    - Howler (dichromatic) and Spider Monkeys
31
Q

Which family of monkeys have prehensile tails?

A

family atelidae

32
Q

Which family do these traits represent?

  • smallest monkeys
  • claws instead of nails
  • monogamous and polyandrous groups
  • twins
  • little sexual dimorphism
  • male care of infants
  • Marmosets and Tamarins
  • dominant female
A

Callitrichidae

33
Q

Superfamily Cercopithecoidea, cercopithecidae, Cercopithecinae. What characteristics are unique to this subfamily? 7

A
  1. diurnal
  2. diverse diet and social organization
  3. sexually dimorphic and male-male competition
  4. large-bodied
  5. cheek pouches
  6. ischial callosities
  7. sexual swelling
34
Q

What are the three main species within the cercopithecinae?

A
  • Baboons - africa
  • Macaques - Asia
  • Guenons - Africa
35
Q

Cercopithecoidea, Cercopithecidae, Colobinae. What characteristics are unique to this family? 6

A
  • diurnal
  • mostly arboreal
  • large-bodied
  • a wide range of habitats
  • folivorous and complex multichambered stomachs
  • diversity in social organization
36
Q

Which primate has a stubbed thumb that is basically useless?

A

Colobus

37
Q

which Hominoidea family do these traits belong to?

  • SE Asia
  • monogamous
  • sexual dichromatism
  • territorial - very vocal
  • suspensory locomotion
A

Hylobatidae including gibbons and siamangs

38
Q

Where are Gorilla gorilla and Gorilla beringei located in Africa?

A

Gorilla gorilla - Western Africa

Gorilla beringei - Eastern Africa

39
Q

Which two species constitutes the genus pan? and how are they different?

A 
Chimpanzee - Pan troglodytes
- omnivorous 
- tool use 
- high levels of male aggression 
Bonobos - Pan paniscus 
- frugivorous 
- recent evidence of hunting 
- low levels of male aggression 
- able to show empathy
40
Q

What traits do all Homininae great apes share?

A

Facultative bipedalism and knuckle-walking

41
Q

How closely are we related to great apes genetically?

A

Pongo - 98%
Pan - 98%
Gorilla - 96%

42
Q

What is meant by Habeus Corpus?

A

Recourse in law to get someone out of jail.

43
Q

What are the three species of the genus Pongo?

A
  • Pongo Pygmeaus - Borneo
  • Pongo Abelii - Sumatra
  • Pongo Tapanuliensis - Sumatra - frizzy hair
44
Q

Which species of Simiiformes has cultural variations, depending on the individual

A

Pongo Pygmeaus including kiss squeak, umbrella making, and nests

45
Q

What is meant by quadrumanual locomotion

A

Arboreal locomotion where all limbs participate in holding onto trees

Primate behaviour (1 decks)

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