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History Midterm > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Why do we study history?

A
  • B/c history always repeats
  • Learning to think critically
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2
Q

What is History always based on?

A

The available data, which is subject to interpretation through perspective or lens

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3
Q

What is one important aspect of studying world history?

A

The lens or perspective of a particular “history” or written story

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4
Q

What is a lens?

A

something you look or see through

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5
Q

What is lens, according to academic study

A

the viewpoint or filter of an individual or group

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6
Q

What are lens often made of?

A

Historical context, location (where they are from), their influences (familial, cultural, societal), and their belief, assumptions, and pre-conceptions (worldview)

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7
Q

Does everyone have a lens?

A

Yes

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8
Q

What is another part of understanding lens?

A

Translations

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9
Q

Were many historical documents, especially before the modern period originally written in English?

A

No

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10
Q

Is every translation is an interpretation?

A

Yes

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11
Q

What is the translator’s job

A

to reflect the meaning of the word or phrase in the best way possible.​

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12
Q

What can interpretations alter

A

the meaning and intent of words or phrases

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13
Q

Can interpretations be problematic in a historical and religious sense?

A

Yes

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14
Q

Are misinterpretations and mistranslations common?

A

Yes

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15
Q

Why is history important?

A

For understanding the world we live in today

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16
Q

What is history?

A

A story about something that happened

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17
Q

Historical narrative

A

a number of ways to tell a story about history

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18
Q

What factors is history made of?

A

Data, Lens/Perspective, Interpretation

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19
Q

Interpretation is also called the what?

A

So what

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20
Q

What does the so what do?

A

It turns information into History and turns you from students into historical detectives

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21
Q

What is a map

A

a two-dimensional representation of a three-dimensional space, most often a geographic area (small or large) depicting spatial relations between various elements.​

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22
Q

What can a map contain?

A

information and navigational aids

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23
Q

What may (or may not) a map be based on

A

a precise survey of a space or place.​

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24
Q

How long have maps been used?

A

for thousands of years

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25
Q

Why are maps important

A
  • We need to know where things are
  • They have other useful info (who created the map, how they see the world, relationships between people, places, and things)
  • General info about people, places, and things
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26
Q

Are world maps the most susceptible to lens/perspective and interpretation?

A

Yes

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27
Q

Historically, Europe, and later America were referred to as…

A

The West

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28
Q

Many world societies have existed on a spectrum between two orientations

A

Cosmopolitanism & Exclusivism.

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29
Q

Cosmopolitanism

A

refers to the ideas and institutions that promote connectivity and cooperation between diverse and pluralistic peoples, societies, cultures, and ideologies.​

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30
Q

Exclusivism

A

refers to the ideas and institutions that tend to operate against connectivity and cooperation between diverse and pluralistic people in favor of a focus on a single group of people, religion, culture, society, or ideology. ​

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31
Q

Globalization

A

typically involves interactions, communication, and trade between individuals, groups and societies on an international scale.​

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32
Q

What did the IMF (International Monetary Fund) identify as the four primary modes of interactions?

A
  • Trade and Commerce​ (Economic Globalization)
  • The Dissemination of Knowledge and Ideas​ (Cultural & Political Globalization)
  • The Migration and Movement of People​ (Includes Travel, Immigration, Diaspora, and Disease)
  • Investment and Capital​ (Combines Economic, Cultural, and Political Globalization depending on the nature of the exchange.)
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33
Q

What do we think of Globalization, we think of…

A

a modern idea – ships and trucks and satellites.​

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34
Q

How far back to the roots of Globalization go?

A

to 3rd century BCE (the 200s BCE) and the Han Dynasty in China.​

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35
Q

What is the Silk Road?

A

A Royal Road connected China to Susa (modern day Iran) who then connected it to the Persian Royal Road which extended to the Mediterranean.​

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36
Q

Was the Silk Road the beginning of trade?

A

No

37
Q

In the centuries leading up to the formation of the Silk Road, what were the civilizations like?

A

They remained largely isolated due to geographical boundaried and the fear of the unknown

38
Q

Who shared goods first? When?

A

China and Central Asia began to share goods ideas through nomadic tribes in the 2nd century BC.

39
Q

What did China and Central Asia’s trading eventually expand into?

A

a complex network of land and sea trade routes, stretching from the Mediterranean, to India, and even to southeast Asia.

40
Q

Why did China have a complete monopoly on Silk?

A

B/c they were the only ones who knew how to make it.

41
Q

What did the silk road bring also?

A

Spices, textiles, religion, etc.

42
Q

What are unintended consequences?

A

consequences that no one could have reasonably expected or planned for

43
Q

Are unintended consequences always bad?

A

No, but they are frequently bad

44
Q

Perfect Storm

A

A number of key variables and circumstances align to create an ideal environment or context for something significant to occur.​

45
Q

What makes a perfect storm?

A

the economic, geographic, technological, social, and resource conditions must all exist for the perfect storm to occur. If even one part is off, the perfect storm doesn’t happen.​

46
Q

The Key to a Perfect Storm

A

Someone (or something) must be in a position to take advantage of their opportunities.

47
Q

Examples of unintended consequences and the perfect storms

A
  • the crusades
  • the mongols
  • the plague
  • the renaissance
  • the age of exploration
48
Q

Is the Protestant Reformation a perfect storm?

A

Yes

49
Q

Who invented the printing and movable type

A

The Chinese

50
Q

What is the GWT?

A

The Great Western Transmutation

51
Q

Is the ability to produce books on a large scale is a large part of the GWT.​

A

Yes

52
Q

Who was Johannes Guttenberg?

A

(c. 1400-1468 CE) is typically credited with the invention of the printing press

53
Q

Did Johannes Guttenberg invent the things he was credited with?

A

No

54
Q

What did Johannes Guttenberg actually invent?

A

Castable metal letters vs. wood letters and did create an easily reproducible technique

55
Q

Who revolutionized printing in Europe?

A

Johanned Guttenberg

56
Q

Who wrote and when was the 95 theses or arguement nailed to the church door

A

Martin Luther; 1517

57
Q

What was Martin Luther’s intention?

A

to start a theological conversation about the state of the Catholic Church and several issues that he was having with the practices and positions of the Church at the time.​

58
Q

What was one of the primary reasons that calls for the Reformation to begin involved…

A

Papal indulgences

59
Q

Was the concept of indulegences specific to the Reformation period?

A

No

60
Q

What were indulgences and who granted them

A

The Catholic Church and typically involved eliminating or reducing the penalty one must pay for sins committed during one’s lifetime.​

61
Q

Purgatory

A

Sometimes a soul would go to an intermediary place for cleansing before going to heaven

62
Q

How long have the papal indulgences been granted

A

hundreds of years

63
Q

What bothered Martin Luther

A
  • the practice of selling indulgences which was becoming a common practice
  • seeing poor people suffer by spending huge portions of their income buying these indulgences.​
64
Q

What is a reformation

A

The act of reforming or reshaping something.

65
Q

What was Martin Luther’s intent?

A

To re-form or reshape the Catholic Church which he believed had gone astray

66
Q

What was the unintended consequence of the Reformation?

A

Protestantism

67
Q

Why Martin Luther’s arguments led to the rise of Protestantism where others failed is the result of…

A

A perfect storm

68
Q

Where does Salvation come from

A

Faith alone

69
Q

What is one huge consequence of the Reformation?

A

Its impact on printing and literacy

70
Q

Why were printing and literacy important.

A

The 95 Theses and the bible could be spread around

71
Q

Why was the Inquisition or Holy Inquisition created and what is it?

A

an office within the Catholic Church that was created to seek out and eliminate heresy

72
Q

What was the Inquisition’s job?

A

to “inquire” about heretics and when they found them, “inquire” about whether they were in fact, heretics, and then “inquire” if they would like to stop doing that.​

73
Q

In 1484, Pope Innocent VIII issued…

A

Summis desiderantes affectibus

74
Q

What is the Summis desiderantes affectibus recognize?

A

the existence of witches and also empowered the Inquisitors to go after them as a subset of heresy.​

75
Q

Did Martin Luther want to start a new sect of Christianity?

A

No

76
Q

Following the Reformation, many European rulers converted to…

A

Protestantism

77
Q

Why did some kingdoms convert to Protestantism?

A

to seize the church’s holdings

78
Q

More consequences of the Reformation

A

Many reconsidered their governments around things like equality, freedom, social standing, and the balance of power in society.​

79
Q

What happened in 1525 CE?

A

The German people, inspired by Martin Luther revolted against the aristocracy and social system

80
Q

What happened in 1525 CE?

A

The German people, inspired by Martin Luther revolted against the aristocracy and social system

81
Q

Was Henry VIII against the reformation?

A

Yes

82
Q

What was Henry VIII nicknamed?

A

The Defender of the Faith

83
Q

What was the Council of Trent (1545-1563) Trento, Italy?

A

a series of meetings held over 18 years to decide what to do about the Reformation

84
Q

What did the Council of Trent do?

A
  • Condemn Protestantism​
  • Reform the Catholic Church​
  • Reformed indulgences and clarified teachings (also the foundation of seminaries to properly train clergy), but did not include Protestants.​
  • The Catholic Church is the ultimate interpreter of Religion.​
  • The Bible and Catholic Tradition are of equal weight.​
  • Faith and works needed for salvation.​
  • Also maintain any converts (through the Inquisition) and try to restore Protestant territories (like Scandinavia and the Netherlands) to Catholicism.​
  • Used art and music (both condemning and promoting) to combat Protestantism.​
85
Q

What is at stake in religious conflict

A

Cosmic ideas have cosmic consequences.

86
Q

What helped quell the conflict between the Catholics and the Protestants?

A

the Peace of Augsburg was signed in 1555 between the Lutherans and Charles V of Spain, The Holy Roman Emperor.​

87
Q

What did the Peace of Augsburg do?

A

whomever ruled a territory chose the religion of the territory, but also granted a measure of religious tolerance.​

88
Q

Defenestration of Prague 1618​

A

In 1618, Ferdinand II became the ruler of Bohemia (Czech Republic) and revoked the religious tolerance.​

History Midterm (5 decks)

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