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Pysch > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

0
Q

Nativists

A

Emphasized genes and inborn characteristics

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1
Q

Where do differences come from? Previous two perspectives?

A

Nativists and empiricists

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2
Q

Empiricists

A

Focused on learning and experience

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3
Q

Genes

A

Basic unit of heredity located on chromosomes and contain dna

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4
Q

Chromosomes

A

Rod shaped structures found in nucleus of every cell

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5
Q

Dna

A

Chromosomal molecule that transfers genetic characteristics by way of coded instructions for the structure of proteins

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6
Q

Four chemical elements of dna code for protein synthesis

A

Adenine, cytosine, thymine, guanine

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7
Q

Genome

A

Full set of genes in each cell of an organism

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8
Q

Linkage studies

A

Studies that look for patterns of inheritance of genetic markers in large families in which a particular condition is common

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9
Q

Genetic marker

A

Segment of DNA that varies among individuals, has a known location on a chromosome, function as a landmark for a gene

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10
Q

Evolution

A

A change in gene frequencies within a pop over many generations

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11
Q

Changes may result from?

A

Mutations, during formation of sperm or egg small segments of DNA can cross over to another chromosome pair

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12
Q

Sexual selection

A

Darwin also suggested that genes were determined by sexual selection

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13
Q

Inter sexual selection

A

A member of one sex chooses a mate from the other sex on the bias of certain characteristics

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14
Q

Intrasexual selection

A

Members of the same sex compete for a partner of the other sex

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15
Q

Evolutionary biologists

A

Start with an observation about a characteristic and try to account for it in evolutionary terms

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16
Q

Evolutionary psychologists

A

Ask what sorts of challenges humans might have faced and infer what behavioural tendencies may have been selects to overcome these challenges

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17
Q

Mental modules

A

A collection of specialized and independent section of the brain, developed to handle specific survival problems

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18
Q

Innate human characteristics

A
  1. Infant reflexes
  2. An interest in novelty
  3. A desire explore and manipulate objects
  4. An impulse to play and fool around
  5. Basic cognitive skills
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19
Q

Language

A

Combines meaningless elements such as sounds or gestures to form structured utterances that convey meaning

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20
Q

Surface structure

A

The way a sentence is spoken

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21
Q

Deep structure

A

How a sentence is to be understood

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22
Q

Chomsky

A

Argued that we are born with a language acquisition device that guides the development of language with proper exposure

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23
Q

Evidence supporting Chomsky

A

Children in different cultures go through similar stages of linguistic development
Children combine words in ways that adults never would
Adults do not consistently correct their children’s syntax, but children learn to speak correctly
Children not exposed to adult language might invent a language of their own
Infants as young as 7 months can derive simple linguistic rules from a string of sounds

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24
Q

Computer neural networks

A

Mathematical models of the brain that can learn some aspects of language

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25
Q

Sociobiology

A

Interdisciplinary field that emphasizes evolutionary explanations of social behaviour in animals and humans

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26
Q

Difference in survival and mating problems

A

Males compete with other males for females to inseminate as many as possible
Females have larger biological investment in pregnancy so choose dominant males with resources and status

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27
Q

Criticisms of evolutionary explanations of sex differences

A

Stereotypes vs actual behaviour
Convenience vs rep samples
What people say vs what they do
The Fred flinstone problem

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28
Q

Heritability

A

A statistical estimate of the proportion of the total variance in some trait that is attributable to genetic differences among individuals within a group

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29
Q

Facts about heritability

A
  1. Estimates of heritability apply only to a particular group living a particular environment
  2. Heritability estimates do not apply to individuals only to variations within a group
  3. Even highly heritable traits can be modified by the environment
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30
Q

Identical twins and fraternal

A

Monozygotic and dizygotic

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31
Q

Iq

A

Originally computed by dividing a persons mental age by chronological age and multiplying it by 100 now derived from norms on standardized iq tests

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32
Q

If genes influence individual differences can they account for difference between groups?

A

Differences have been used to justify differential treatment of groups

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33
Q

Genetic explanations have a fatal flaw

A

Heritability estimates rely on Caucasian samples go estimate role of heredity between groups

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34
Q

Environment affected iq scores

A

Blacks and whites grow up in different environemts, children often reviece fewer nutrients

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35
Q

Environment influences associated with reduced mental ability

A

Poor prenatal care
MAlnutrition
Exposure to toxins
Stressful family circumstances

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36
Q

Environemtal influences associated with enhanced mental abilities

A

Good health care and nutrition
Mental enrichment in home child care and school
Parental interaction, discussion and encouragement of mental processing

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37
Q

Epigenetics

A

A new speciality area studying changes in gene expression due to mechanisms other then structural changes in the DNA

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38
Q

Some things to keep in mind wi genetic testing

A

Genes are not destiny
Knowing about a genetic disposition can create a premature diagnosis or a self fulfilling prophecy
Genes do not absolve you of responsibility
Genetic info could be used to discriminate against individuals
Knowing your genetic risk does not tell you what to do about it
Genetic testing can be liberating or stigmatizing

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39
Q

Two main parts of the nervous system

A

Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

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40
Q

Cns

A

Recieves processes interprets and stores incoming sensory info. Sends out messages to glands and organs

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41
Q

Pns

A

Handles input and output from the Cns all portions of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord

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42
Q

Spinal cord

A

Bridge between the brain and parts of the body below the neck

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43
Q

Two subdivisions of the pns

A

Somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

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44
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Nerves connected to sensory receptors and skeletal muscles

45
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Regulates functioning of blood vessels glands and internal organs. Contains sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

46
Q

Neurons

A

Cells that conduct electrochemical signals

47
Q

Glia

A

Cells that support nature and insulate neurons, remove debris when neurons die enhance formation and maintenance of neural connections

48
Q

Dendrites

A

Branch like fibres that receive info from other neurons and transmit towards cell body

49
Q

Axon

A

Conducts impulse away from cell body and transmits to other cells

50
Q

Cell body

A

Keeps neuron alive and plays key role in determining whether neuron will fire

51
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Insulate axons by surrounding it by this layer of fatty material

52
Q

Nodes

A

Divide myelin sheath into segment s

53
Q

Neurogenesis

A

Production of new neurons from immature stem cells

54
Q

Stem cells

A

Immature cells that renew themselves and have the potential to develop into mature cells

55
Q

Stem cell research

A

Most promising for developing treatments of cancers, blood, organ and brain disorders

56
Q

How do neurons communicate

A

Through the synapse: includes axon terminal, synaptic cleft, and receptor sites in membrane of receiving cell

57
Q

How does communication occur

A

Through electrical and chemical signals. Inflow of sodium causes an action potential.

58
Q

Neurotransmitters bind to what?

A

Receptor sites on receiving neurons

59
Q

Excitatory changes

A

A voltage shift in a positive direction. Increases probability of receiving neuron firing

60
Q

Inhibitory changes

A

A voltage shift in a negative direction. Decreases chances of neuron firing

61
Q

Plasticity

A

Brains ability to change and adapt in response to experience

62
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

A chemical substance that is released by a transmitting neuron at the synapse and that alters the activity of a receiving neuron

63
Q

Major neurotransmitters

A

Serotonin, dopamine, acetylcholine, norepinephrine, gaba, glutamate

64
Q

Serotonin

A

Sleep, appetite, sensory perception, temp regulation, pain suppression and mood

65
Q

GABA

A

Major inhibitory neurotransmitter

66
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Muscle action, cognitive functioning, memory and emotion

67
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Increased heart rate, slowed intestinal activity during stress, learning, memory, dreaming waking and emotion

68
Q

Dopamine

A

Voluntary movement, learning, memory, emotion, pleasure or reward, response to novelty

69
Q

Glutamate

A

Major excitatory neurotransmitter in brain

70
Q

Endorphins

A

Pain reduction, pleasure and memory

71
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical substances secreted by organs called endocrine glands, that affect the functioning of Other organs

72
Q

Major hormones

A

Melatonin, oxytocin, adrenal hormones, sex hormones

73
Q

Melatonin

A

Regulate bio rhythms and sleep

74
Q

Oxytocin

A

Childbirth contractions, milk ejection

75
Q

Adrenal hormones

A

Emotion, stress, epinephrine

76
Q

Sex hormones

A

Androgens and estrogens

77
Q

Many ways scientists can study the brain

A

Patients with brain damage
Lesion method
Electrical and magnetic detection
Brain scans

78
Q

Lesioning

A

Involves damaging and or removing sections of brain in animals then observing their effects

79
Q

Stereotaxic instrument

A

Localization of brain structure using 3d coordinates

80
Q

Lesioning of lateral hypothalamus

A

Loss of ingest in eating and potential starvation

81
Q

Lesioning of ventromedial hypothalamus

A

Eating more frequently and weight gain

82
Q

Lesioning of paraventricular hypothalamus

A

Eating larger portions and weight gain

83
Q

Electroencephalography (eeg)

A

Recording neural activity detected by electrodes

84
Q

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (tms)

A

Uses a powerful magnetic field produced by a wire coil placed on persons heads to stimulate cells

85
Q

Pet scan

A

Method for analyzing biochemical activity in the brain using injections of a glucose like substance that contains a radioactive element

86
Q

Mri

A

Method for studying body and brain tissue using magnetic fields and special radio receivers

87
Q

Medulla

A

Responsible for automatic functions such as breathing and heart rate

88
Q

Pons

A

Involved in sleeping, waking and dreaming

89
Q

Reticular activating system

A

Extends from brain stem arouses cortex and screens incoming info

90
Q

Cerebellum

A

Regulators movement and balance. Involved in learning of certain kinds of simple skills and acquired relfexes

91
Q

Thalamus

A

Brain structure that relays sensory messages to the cerebral

Cortex. Includes all sensory messages except those from olfactory bulb

92
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Emotions, fear hunger and thirst, regulates autonomic nervous system

93
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Endocrine gland at base of brain that releases many hormones and regulators other endocrine glands

94
Q

Limbic system: amygdala

A

Involved in arousal and regulation of emotion initial emotional response to sensory info

95
Q

Hippocampus

A

Involved in the storage of new info in memory

96
Q

Cerebrum

A

Largest brain structure, divided into two cerebral hemispheres, connected by corpus callosum, contains cerebral cortex

97
Q

Cerebral lateralization of senses

A

Left side is right hemisphere and right side is left hemisphere

98
Q

Motor commands for cerebral lateralization

A

Left side is right hemisphere and right side is left hemisphere

99
Q

Smell for cerebral lateralization

A

Left nostril left hemisphere and right nostril right hemisphere

100
Q

Hemispheric lateralization

A

Some functions are lateralized to one hemisphere of the brain

101
Q

Occipital loves

A

Includes visual cortex

102
Q

Temporal lobes

A

Includes auditory cortex and wernickes area memory perception and emotion

103
Q

Parietal lobes

A

Pressure pain touch and temp. Attention and mental operations

104
Q

Frontal lobes

A

Includes motor cortex and Broca’s area. Emotion planning and creative thinking

105
Q

Culture and the brain

A

Culture experience may affect organization of lobes

106
Q

Phineas gage

A

Explosion at railroad construction site forced steel tamping rod through Gage’s head. Survived but was no longer Gage

107
Q

Two hemispheres of the brain

A

Hemispheres have different areas of specialization and control opposite sides of the body. Connected through the corpus callosum

108
Q

Left hemisphere

A

Process language mainly here. Many researchers believe left hemisphere dominance

109
Q

Right hemisphere

A

Important for problems involving spatial visual ability, facial recognition music processing and some language abilities

110
Q

Are there sex differences in the brains?

A

Some evidence to suggest anatomical differences, males show left hemisphere activation only whereas females show activation in both hemispheres

Pysch (4 decks)

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