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Bio 7 - Olsen > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Monocot - # of Cotyledons

A

1

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2
Q

Monocot - Venation

A

Parallel

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3
Q

Monocot - Vascular bundles (in xylem/phloem)

A

Scattered throughout stem (monkey faces)

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4
Q

Monocot - Flower parts

A

Multiples of 3

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5
Q

Monocot - Roots

A

fibrous

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6
Q

Dicot - # of cotyledons

A

2

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7
Q

Dicot - Venetian

A

Netted

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8
Q

Dicot - Flower Parts

A

Multiples of 4’s or 5’s

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9
Q

Dicot - Vascular Bundles (in xylem/phloem)

A

Around perimeter

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10
Q

Dicot - Roots

A

Tap root

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11
Q

Plant cells include…

A
  • chloroplasts and other plastids (chronicles y’all, Leukoplasts)
  • central vacuole
  • cell wall containing cellulose
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12
Q

Plant cell wall components

A
  • primary cell wall: deep
  • middle cell wall: deep
  • secondary cell wall: superficial (lignin or suberin)
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13
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

Connections between plant cells

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14
Q

Plant tissue: Parenchyma

A
  • thin cell wall (primary cell wall and a middle Carmella; no secondary cell wall)
  • Parenchyma cells in leaves contain chloroplasts
  • some non photosynthetic parenchyma cells store starch or lipids
  • Parenchyma cells may serve as packing material or in wound repair (form callous)
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15
Q

Plant tissue: Collenchyma

A
  • primary cell wall that has cell that are thick at the corners
  • provides flexible support for leaf petioles, non woody stems and growing organs
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16
Q

Plant tissue: Sclerenchyma

A
  • Cells have a thickened secondary wall in addition to a primary cell wall and middle camella
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17
Q

Plant tissue: Two types of Sclerenchyma

A
  • elongated fibers: provides support in wood

- sclerids: nut shell or seed coat. Form clumps in pears and other fruits

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18
Q

Plant Tissue: Xylem - Tracheids

A

Interconnected by numerous pits. Water moves from cell to cell through these pits

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19
Q

Plant Tissue: Xylem - Vessel Elements

A

Larger in diameter than Tracheids. Laid end to end to form one continuous tube

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20
Q

Plant Tissue: Phloem

A

Cells are called sieve tube members. These cells meet end to end to form sieve tubes. The ends of these cells have walls called sieve plates.

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21
Q

Plant Organs (superficial -> deep) - Roots:

A
  • epidermis
  • cortex
  • endodermis
  • stele
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22
Q

Plant Organs - Roots - Epidermis:

A

Protection of root made of flattened cells and often has root hairs to increase surface area for absorption

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23
Q

Plant Organs - Roots - Cortex:

A

Internal to epidermis, often used for storage

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24
Q

Plant Organs - Roots - Endodermis:

A

Single layer (cylindrical) of cells. Provide water proofing and selectivity allows certain materials to pass into the stele (contains vascular tissue)

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25
Q

Plant Organs - Roots - stele:

A

Consists of 3 tissues

  • pericycle: gives rise to lateral roots
  • xylem: at center of stele
  • phloem: at center of stele
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26
Q

Plant Organs - Leaves:

A
  • cuticle (waxy)
  • upper epidermis
  • palasaid layer: most photosynthesis occurs
  • spongy layer: lots of space for storage of CO2
  • lower epidermis:
    • guard cells - control opening and closing of the stomates (allows entry of CO2 and exit of H2O)
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27
Q

Plant Organs - Stems:

A

Same structures as roots; xylem and phloem are arranged in vascular bundles around the perimeter as in Dicots or scattered throughout as in monocots

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28
Q

Xylem - Transport in plants

A
  • Water and minerals enter the plant through the stele in the root. This can occur either by passive or active transport
  • After Entry:
    • transpiration
    • tension (vacuum)
    • cohesion
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29
Q

Xylem - Transport in plants - After Entry - Transpiration:

A

Water escapes through the stomata

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30
Q

Xylem - Transport in plants - After Entry - Tension:

A

(Vacuum) - negative pressure potential

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31
Q

Xylem - Transport in plants - After Entry -Cohesion:

A

Water molecules stick to the sides of the xylem tube and H2O molecules stick together

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32
Q

Phloem- Transport in plants:

A

Source (where material produced) to sink (where material used) (diffusion)

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33
Q

Plant Nutrition - Macronutrients

A
  • nitrogen
  • phosphorous
  • Potassium
  • sulfur
  • calcium
  • magnesium
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34
Q

Plant Nutrition - Micronutrients:

A
  • Iron: chlorophyll synthesis
  • Chlorine: Ion balance
  • zinc: Auxin Synthesis
  • manganese: enzyme activation
  • copper: used in the active site of many enzymes
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35
Q

Plant Growth Regulation

A

(Hormones)

  • Abscissic Acid
  • Gibberellins
  • Auxin
  • cytokinins
  • ethylene
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36
Q

Plant Growth Regulation - Abscissic Acid:

A

Maintains winter dormancy of both seed and the mature plant (high in winter)

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37
Q

Plant Growth Regulation - Gibberellins:

A

Promote seed germination, stem growth, break winter dormancy (high in spring)

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38
Q

Plant Growth Regulation - Auxin:Plant Growth Regulation - Auxin:

A

Promotes stem elongation and fruit growth; inhibits leaf abscission

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39
Q

Plant Growth Regulation - Cytokinins:

A

Promote cell division, lateral bud and fruit growth (high in spring and summer)

40
Q

Plant Growth Regulation - Ethylene:

A

Promotes fruit ripening and leaf abscission (drop/shed) (high in fall)

41
Q

Animalia - Major Groups of Phyla

A
  1. Parazoa (2)
  2. Radiata (2)
  3. Acoelomates (4)
  4. Pseudocoelomates (8)
  5. Protostomes (8)
  6. Lophophorates (4)
  7. Deuterostomes (4)
42
Q

Animalia - Parazoa - P: Placozoa

A

most primitive animal phylum; body consists of a few hundred Cells

43
Q

Animalia - Parazoa - P: Porifera

A
  • sponges
    1. Cellular level
    2. No gut
    3. Radial symmetry or no symmetry
44
Q

Animalia - Parazoa - P: Porifera - Cell types

A

a. Choanocytes (collar cells)
b. Archeocytes
c. Spongocytes
d. Porocytes
e. Pinacocytes

45
Q

Animalia - Parazoa - P: Porifera - Cell types - Choanocytes

A

(collar cells) – filter feeding cells

46
Q

Animalia - Parazoa - P: Porifera - Cell types - Archeocytes

A

play a major role in digestion and transport

47
Q

Animalia - Parazoa - P: Porifera - Cell types - Spongocytes

A

produce spongin (makes up cell body of sponge)

48
Q

Animalia - Parazoa - P: Porifera - Cell types - Porocytes

A

guard dermal ostia (opening (circle) through where water enters the sponge)

49
Q

Animalia - Parazoa - P: Porifera - Cell types - Pinacocytes

A

form pinacoderm (skin of the sponge)

50
Q

Plant Nutrition - Macronutrients - nitrogen

A

amino acids and nucleic acids

51
Q

Plant Nutrition - Macronutrients - phosphorous

A

nucleic acids

52
Q

Plant Nutrition - Macronutrients - Potassium

A

enzyme and ATP activation, stomatal opening, ion and water balance

53
Q

Plant Nutrition - Macronutrients - sulfur

A

proteins and coenzymes

54
Q

Plant Nutrition - Macronutrients - calcium

A

affects cytoskeleton, acts as a second messenger

55
Q

Plant Nutrition - Macronutrients - magnesium

A

found in chlorophyll

56
Q

Animalia - Parazoa - P: Porifera - Types of skeletons

A

a. Calcareous spicules
b. Silica spicules
c. Spongin

57
Q

Animalia - Parazoa - P: Porifera - Types of skeletons - Calcareous spicules

A

made of calcium carbonate (embedded in mesophyl)

58
Q

Animalia - Parazoa - P: Porifera - Types of skeletons - Silica spicules

A

made of glass (embedded in mesophyl)

59
Q

Animalia - Parazoa - P: Porifera - Types of skeletons - Spongin

A

protein found in “bath sponges”

60
Q

Animalia - Parazoa - P: Porifera - Types of canal systems

A

a. Asconoid
b. Syconoid
c. Leuconoid

61
Q

Animalia - Parazoa - P: Porifera - Types of canal systems - Asconoid

A

i. Dermal ostia
ii. Spongocoel (lined with choanocytes)
iii. Osculum

62
Q

Animalia - Parazoa - P: Porifera - Types of canal systems - Syconoid

A

i. Dermal ostia
ii. Incurrent canals
iii. Prosopyls
iv. Radial canals – lined with choanocytes
v. Apopyls

63
Q

Animalia - Parazoa - P: Porifera - Types of canal systems - Leuconoid

A

i. Dermal ostia
ii. Incurrent canal
iii. Prosopyl
iv. Flagellated chamber (contains choanocytes)
v. Apopyl
vi. Excurrent canal
vii. Spongocoel
viii. Osculum

64
Q

Animalia - Parazoa - P: Porifera - Diversity (classes)

A

a. Calcarea
b. Hexactinellida
c. Demospongiae

65
Q

Animalia - Parazoa - P: Porifera - Diversity (classes) - Calcarea

A

skeleton of calcareous spicules

66
Q

Animalia - Parazoa - P: Porifera - Diversity (classes) - Hexactinellida

A

skeleton of silica spicules

67
Q

Animalia - Parazoa - P: Porifera - Diversity (classes) - Demospongiae

A

skeleton of spongin

68
Q

Animalia - Radiata - Cnidaria

A
  • hydras, true jelly fish, sea anemones, corals
    1. Tissue level
    2. Diploblastic – two tissue layers
    3. Two-way gut
    4. Radial symmetry
    5. Polyp (stationary; asexually) and medusa (swims; sexual)
    6. Nerve net; do not have brains
    7. Circulation, gas exchange, osmoregulation; all accomplished in the gastrovascular cavity (GVC)
69
Q

Animalia - Radiata - Cnidaria - General body form

A

a. Epidermis
b. Mesoglea – jelly-like protein
c. Gastrodermis – gastrovascular cavity inside
d. Nematocysts – cnidocytes, cnidocil, operculum

70
Q

Animalia - Radiata - Cnidaria - Diversity (classes) -

A

a. Hydrozoa
b. Scyphozoa
c. Anthozoa
d. Cenozoic

71
Q

Animalia - Radiata - Cnidaria - Diversity - Hydrozoa

A
  • hydras and hydroid jellies
    i. both usually polyp + medusa, eception is hydras
    ii. Medusa has a velum (crespidote)
    iii. Medusa has an extended manubrium
72
Q

Animalia - Radiata - Cnidaria - Diversity - Scyphozoa

A
  • True jellies
    i. medusa is dominant, reduced poly
    ii. Medusa has no velum (acrespidote)
    iii. Medusa has no ( a Manubrium) or reduced
    iv. Lifecycle of a true jelly
73
Q

Animalia - Radiata - Cnidaria - Diversity - Anthozoa

A
  • sea anemones and corals
    i. probably P form only, no Medusa
    ii. Diversity (subclasses)
    - zoantharia (hexacorallia) body parts insixes, see anemones and true corals
    - alcyonaria (octocorallia) octocorals; body parts are in the eighths
74
Q

Animalia - Radiata - Cnidaria - Diversity - Cenozoic

A

(sea wasps and Box jellyfish)

  i. Sting that is very taxis
  ii. Box- shaped medusa
  iii. Has a velum- like structure called a velanium
75
Q

Animalia - Radiata - Cnidaria - Diversity - Scyphozoa - Lifecycle of a true jelly

A
  • medusa (sexual)- dioecious (separate sexes)
    - medusae produce sperm or eggs (fertilization)
    - zyate ( fertilized egg)
    - planula larva -ciliated
    - scyphistoma- young poly p
    - stroblia- strobiluzation (budding off of ephyrae larvae)
    - extra- a young medusa
76
Q

Animalia - Radiata - Ctenophora

A
  • comb jellies
    1. Tissue- level of organization
    2. Triploblastic- ectodermic, gastrodermis Collenchyme (cellular) in between
    3. One-way gut
    4. Radial symmetry
    5. Have adhesive structures called colloblasts
    6. Nervous system is a nerve net; no brain
    7. Circulation, gas exchange, and osmoregulation in GVC
    8. Eight comb rows made of cilia
    9. Some have a pair of long tentacles
    10. No sessile stage
77
Q

Animalia - Accelomates - p: Platyhelminthes

A

(flat worm)

a. Organ level
b. Triploblastic
c. Bilateral symmetry
d. Two way gut; no gut
e. Acoelomate
f. Nervous system is lader-like

78
Q

Animalia - Accelomates - p: Platyhelminthes - Diversity

A
  1. Turbellaria- free living planarians
  2. Trematoda- parasitic fluke worms
  3. Cestoda- (tapeworm) parasitic
79
Q

Animalia - Accelomates - p: Platyhelminthes - Diversity - Trematoda

A
  • parasitic fluke worms
    a. Clonorchis life cycle
    i. Adult lives in human bile duct
    ii. Eggs of adult expelled in the feces, eggs consumed by snail
    iii. Miracidium hatches out of the egg inside the snail
    iv. Sporocyst
    v. Redia
    vi. Cercaria- leaves the snail and enters water
    vii. Cercaria infects the fish
    viii. Cercaria forms a metacercerial Cyst inside the fish
    ix. Fish is consumed by a bear or a human and an adult warm hatched out of the Metacercarial cyst
80
Q

Animalia - Accelomates - p: Platyhelminthes - Diversity - Cestoda

A
  • (tapeworm) parasitic
    a. Body form
    i. Scolex
    ii. Proglottids- reproductive structures
81
Q

Animalia - Accelomates

A
  • P: Platyhelminthes (flat worm)
  • P: Mesozoa - two classes, very primitive, 2 tissue layers
  • P: Gnathostomulida- small worm-like animals
  • P: Nemertea- ribbon worms one way gut
82
Q

Animalia

A 
A. Multicellular
B. Eukaryotic
C. No cell walls
D. No photosynthesis
E. Phagotropic
83
Q

Animalia - Types of cell to cell junctions

A
  1. Tight junctions
  2. Besmosomes
  3. Gap junctions
84
Q

Animalia - Characteristics used to distinguish the major groups

A
  1. Level of organization
  2. Type of symmetry
  3. Type of gut (mouth to anus)
  4. Numbers of tissue layers
  5. Type of body cavity
  6. Type of development
  7. Type of segmentation
85
Q

Animalia - Characteristics used to distinguish the major groups - Level of organization

A

a. Cellular level
b. Tissue level
c. Oregon level
d. Organ system level

86
Q

Animalia - Characteristics used to distinguish the major groups - Type of symmetry

A

a. Asymmetry- no symmetry
b. Radial symmetry- Cut it any direction and achieve symmetry
c. Bilateral symmetry- caught in only One Direction to achieve symmetry

87
Q

Animalia - Characteristics used to distinguish the major groups - Type of gut

A

(mouth to anus)

a. No gut
b. Two- way gut= one opening
c. One- way gut= two openings mouth, anus

88
Q

Animalia - Characteristics used to distinguish the major groups - Numbers of tissue layers

A

a. No tissues
b. Two tissue layers- diploblastic
i. ) epidermis
ii. ) gastrodermis (gastrovascular cavity= GVC)
c. Three tissue layers- triploblastic
i. ) endoderm
ii. ) Mesoderm
iii. ) ectoderm

89
Q

Animalia - Characteristics used to distinguish the major groups - Type of body cavity

A

a. No body cavity
b. Pseudocelomic- mesodermal tissue line the body wall but not the internal organs
c. Coelomic- True body cavity, mesodermal tissue line the body wall and surrounds internal organs

90
Q

Animalia - Characteristics used to distinguish the major groups - Type of development

A

a. Protostome- blastopore becomes the mouth

b. Deuterostane- blastopore becomes the Anus

91
Q

Animalia - Characteristics used to distinguish the major groups - Type of segmentation

A

a. No segmentation

b. Segmentation

92
Q

Plant - Diversity - Gymnosperm

A
  • P: Confederophyta
  • P: Cycadophyta
  • P: Ginkgophyta
  • P: Gnetophyta
93
Q

Plant - Diversity - Gymnosperm - P: Confederophyta

A
  • conebearing plants
    i. Life cycle
    - In female Cone megaspores produce female Gametophytes which produce the archegonia which produce the eggs
    - microspores produce the male Gametophytes (pollen grains)
    - wind pollinates the eggs inside the archegonium
    - sperm in the pollen grain fertilize eggs and seeds are produced
    - seeds are dispersed
    - embryos develops into sporophytes (trees)
94
Q

Plant - Diversity - Gymnosperm - P: Cycadophyta

A

palm like plants growing in the tropics or subtropics

95
Q

Plant - Diversity - Gymnosperm - P: Ginkgophyta

A

one species phylum

- Ginkgobiboma (maidenhair tree)

96
Q

Plant - Diversity - Gymnosperm - P: Gnetophyta

A

consists of 3 very different Genera double fertilization as foundin Angiosperms

97
Q

Plant - Diversity - Angiosperm - Life cycle

A
  • microgamtophytes (pollen grains) develop from microspores in the anthers
  • megagametophytes develop from megaspores within the ovules
  • megagametaphyte produces 8 nuclei, 3 antipodals , 2 synergids ,1 egg, 2 polar
  • polar grain lands on the stigma of the female plant of the flower
  • produces a sperm tube
  • the sperm tube enters the female Gametophyte
    Through the opening called a microphyle
  • sperm are released into the female Gametophyte One sperm fertilizes the egg nucleus which produces a zygote (zn). Another sperm fertilizes the polar nuclei to produce 3n endosperm
  • Seed contains the zygote and endosperm (starchy substance the embryo will use as food)

Bio 7 - Olsen (1 decks)

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