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PSYCO 367 > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what did jj gibson propose?

A

correct approach was to study how people perceive as they move through the environment

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2
Q

Ecological approach to perception

A

focus on observers moving through the environment, studying moving observers and on determining how their movement creates perceptual information

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3
Q

what is optic flow and what does it provide?

A

it is all of the moment you are seeing, provides information about how rapidly we are moving and where we are headed

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4
Q

what are the two characteristics of optic flow?

A

Optic flow is more rapid near the moving observer, and there is no flow at the destination toward which the observer is moving

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5
Q

what is the gradient of flow?

A

the different speed of flow (when flow moves more rapidly near the moving observer)

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6
Q

what is the focus of expansion (FOE)?

A

Absence of flow at the destination point

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7
Q

what is invariant information

A

information that remains constant even when the observer is moving

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8
Q

does optic flow provide invariant information?

A

yes, because flow information is present as long as the observer is moving through the environment. The flow might look different, but flow is still there

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9
Q

does FOE provide invariant information?

A

yes because it always occurs at the point toward which the observer is moving. When the observer changes direction, FOE shifts to a new location but it is still there

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10
Q

Self produced information

A

when a person makes a movement, that movement creates information, and this information is, in turn, used to guide further movement

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11
Q

what did gibson think about the senses? what is an example to support this?

A

they did not work in isolation, we should consider how each one provides information for the same behaviour. not being able to balance with one eye closed.

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12
Q

what happens to toddlers in the swinging room?

A

when the room swayed forward, flow patter the toddler observers creates the impression that they were swaying forward. caused toddler to sway back to compensate

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13
Q

what did the swinging room show?

A

vision is such a powerful determinant of balance that it can override the traditional sources of balance information

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14
Q

where did researchers find neurons that respond to flow patterns?

A

found in the MST, area important for perceiving motion

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15
Q

when driving a car, where did drivers look when driving straight ahead?

A

spot in front of the car rather than looking directly at the FOE

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16
Q

when driving a car, where did drivers look going around a curve?

A

didnt look directly on the road, but instead look at the tangent point of the curve on the side of the road

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17
Q

what did the information on where the drivers were looking show?

A

drivers probably use information in addition to optic flow to determine the direction they were heading

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18
Q

what is the visual direction strategy? what does it not involve? what does it indicate?

A

strategy used for walking that does not involve optic flow. observers keep their body pointed toward a target. Another indication that flow information is not always necessary for navigation

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19
Q

wayfinding

A

navigation where we take a route that involves making turns

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20
Q

regarding landmarks, what do subjects spend more time looking at? what happens when you remove these landmarks?

A

spent more time looking at decision-point landmarks than at non-decision point landmarks. o Removing landmarks that observers looked at longer caused a substantial drop in performance

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21
Q

what two structures that have been shown to be involved in navigation?

A

the retrosplenial cortex and the hippocampus

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22
Q

what happens in tetrosplenial cortex damage?

A

lose directional ability, cant determine the direction of any familiar destination

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23
Q

what happens with hippocampus damage with regards to wayfinding?

A

could navigate main roads, but got lost in side streets. concluded that hippocampus is important for accessing details of routes that were learned long ago

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24
Q

what is affordances and who talked about it? how does our perception use it?

A

gibson, information that indicates what an object is used for. provides information that can guide our actions towards it.

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25
Q

parietal reach region (PRR), where is it located?

A

areas that are involved in reaching for objects, in the dorsal pathway

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26
Q

what are visuomotor grip cells? what is this type of neuron involved in?

A

neuron that initially responds when the monkey sees a specific object, and also responds as the monkey is forming its hand to grasp the same object. involved in both perception and action

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27
Q

what region also controls obstacle avoidance?

A

parietal regions

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28
Q

what is optic ataxia? what didnt they take into account?

A

patients with parietal lobe damage who had trouble pointing to visual stimuli. couldn’t take into account the varying locations of obstacles.

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29
Q

what are mirror neurons?

A

neurons that respond both when a monkey observes someone else grasping an object such as food on a tray and when the monkey itself grasps the food

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30
Q

what are most mirror neurons specialized for?

A

specialized to respond to only one type of action

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31
Q

how do we know the mirror neurons arent just responding to the pattern of motion?

A

neuron does not respond when watching the experimenter pick up the food with pliers argues this idea

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32
Q

what are audiovisual mirror neurons?

A

neurons that respond to sounds that are associated with actions. respond when a monkey performs a hand action, and when it hears the sound associated with this action

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33
Q

what did intention films show about mirror neurons? what could be concluded?

A

intention films caused greater activity than the control films in areas of the brain known to have mirror neuron properties. concluded that the mirror neuron areas are involved with understanding the intentions behind the actions shown in the films

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34
Q

what is akinetopsia

A

blindness to motion

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35
Q

Attentional capture

A

ability of motion to attract attention

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36
Q

real motion

A

actual motion of an object

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37
Q

illusory motion

A

perception of motion when there actually is none

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38
Q

apparent motion

A

when two stimuli in slightly different locations are alternated with the correct timing, an observer perceives one stimulus moving back and forth smoothly between the two locations

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39
Q

Induced motion

A

occurs when motion of one object (usually a large one) causes a nearby stationary object (usually smaller) to appear to move. ex clouds making the moon appear to move.

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40
Q

Motion aftereffects

A

when viewing a moving stimulus for 30 to 60 seconds causes a stationary stimulus to appear to movie

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41
Q

how do real and apparent motion compare

A

activation associated with apparent motion is similar to the activation for the real motion display

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42
Q

why cant motion just be explained by the motion of image across the retina?

A

when you follow someone with your eyes, they stay on your fovea, but you perceive motion.. when you scan across a room, the image on your fovea changes, but no perception of motion.

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43
Q

what is optic array and what is it used for?

A

the structure created by the surfaces, textures, and contours of the environment. used by gibson as information for perception based on what is “out there” in the environment

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44
Q

local disturbances in optic array

A

provides information that person is moving relative to the environment

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45
Q

how did gibson use optic array to explain following someone with your eyes? what did he neglect?

A

he neglected what was happening on the retina. said that the same local disturbance information was occurring as when you werent following them with your eyes. this local disturbance indicated the person was moving

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46
Q

what was global optic flow?

A

when the person scans a scene, everything is moving at once in response to movement of the observer’s eyes or body

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47
Q

how is motion perceived according to gibson?

A

motion is perceived when one part of the visual scene moves relative to the rest of the scene (with global optic flow, everything is moving, so no motion is perceived)

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48
Q

Reichardt detector

A

results in neurons that fire to movement in one direction. movement in one direction causes inhibition but movement in the opposite direction creates excitation

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49
Q

what is the corollary discharge theory? what are the 3 types of signals?

A

takes eye movements into account. Image displacement signal (IDS), Motor signal (MS), Corollary discharge signal (CDS)

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50
Q

what is the image displacement signal (IDS)

A

occurs when an image moves across receptors in the retina. someone walking across your field of view.

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51
Q

what is the motor signal (MS)

A

signal is sent from the brain to the eye muscles. your eyes move to follow someone moving across the room.

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52
Q

what is the corollary discharge signal (CDS)

A

copy of the motor signal that is sent to a different part of the brain

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53
Q

what 2 signals does the corollary discharge theory focus on?

A

IDS and CDS (the two transmitted to the brain)

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54
Q

according to the corollary discharge theory, when do you perceive motion? when dont you?

A

when only one type of signal (IDS or CDS) is sent to the brain, you perceive motion. you dont perceive motion when both signals occur (scanning a room)

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55
Q

what is the comparator?

A

according to the corollary discharge theory, the brain contains a structure or mechanism that receives both the IDS and the CDS. relays message to brain if movement has occurred and motion is perceived

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56
Q

what happens if the comparator receives both an IDS and CDS?

A

they cancel each other out, no signal is so the brain area responsible for motion perception

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57
Q

what does corollary discharge theory propose?

A

proposes that the visual system takes into account both information about stimulation of the receptors and information about movement of the eyes

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58
Q

real motion neuron

A

responds only when the stimulus moves and doesn’t respond when the eye moves, even though the stimulus on the retina is the same in both situations

59
Q

what area of the brain contains many directionally sensitive cells?

A

middle temporal (MT)

60
Q

is the response of individual directionally selective neurons provide sufficient info to indicate direction of movement?

A

no.

61
Q

moving an edge across an aperture, what is the movement like?

A

movement of an edge across an aperture occurs perpendicular to the direction in which the edge is oriented

62
Q

what is the aperture problem? how does the visual system solve this problem? what area dos this involve?

A

viewing only a small portion of a larger stimulus can result in misleading information about the direction in which the stimulus is moving. pooling responses of a number of neurons, involves the MT cortex. it can also use information about the end of an object (neurons found that respond to the end of moving objects)

63
Q

what is the shortest path constraint? how does it change with humans?

A

apparent movement tends to occur along the shortest path between two stimuli. for humans, the likelihood of perceiving movement along the longer path increases at lower rates of alternation

64
Q

when is the motor cortex activated in regards to the shortest path constraint?

A

motor cortex is activated when the perceived movements are humanly possible but isn’t activated when the perceived movements are not possible

65
Q

what are point light walkers? what is the type of motion created called?

A

created by placing small lights on people’s joints and then filming the patters created by these lights when people walk/do other stuff in the dark. as soon as they start walking, biological motion is perceived

66
Q

what is biological motion? what part of the brain is more active during biological motion?

A

self produced motion of a person or other living organism. Superior temporal sulcus (STS) more active, FFA also active more. EBA not active

67
Q

what is implied motion? representational momentum?

A

when a still picture depicts an action involving motion. idea that the motion depicted in a picture tends to continue in the observer’s mind

68
Q

how many colors can people discriminate on a spectrum? how many intensities? how many steps of saturation? overall?

A
      1. 2 MILLION
69
Q

when do chromatic colors occur? achromatic colors?

A

chromatic occur when some wavelengths are reflected more than others, achromatic occur when light is reflected equally across the spectrum

70
Q

how is chromatic color created in transparent things?

A

created by selective transmission, only some wavelengths pass through the object or substance

71
Q

what happens when you mix lights? what is this called?

A

when colored lights are superimposed all of the light that is reflected from the surface by each light when alone is also reflected when the lights are superimposed. called additive color mixture.

72
Q

what happens when you mix paint? what is this called?

A

when mixed, both paints still absorb the same wavelength they absorbed when alone, so the only wavelengths reflected are those that are reflected by both paints in common. subtractive color mixture.

73
Q

what is the trichromatic theory of color vision? what is it based on and who came up with it? what is it also called?

A

states that color vision depends on the activity of 3 different receptor mechanisms. based on color matching, young and helmholtz. Young-Helmholtz theory of color vision

74
Q

what are the three different cone pigments?

A

short 419, middle 531, long 558

75
Q

what is metamerism, and when does it occur?

A

situation where two physically different stimuli are perceptually identical, in color matching experiments, the lights in the two fields are physically different (they contain different wavelengths), but they are perceptually identical (they look the same)

76
Q

what are metamers

A

two identical fields in a color matching experiment

77
Q

Principle of univariance

A

states that once a photon of light is absorbed by a visual pigment molecule, the identity of the light’s wavelength is lost. ♣ Receptor does not know the wavelength of light it has absorbed, only the total amount it has absorbed

78
Q

can a person with only one visual pigment match wavelengths in color matching experiment?

A

yes, they can match any wavelength by adjusting the intensity

79
Q

what does adding a second pigment do?

A

makes it possible to distinguish between wavelengths independent of light intensity. Responses created by both pigments together could indicate a difference between the two different wavelengths

80
Q

is having a third pigment necessary for creating color vision?

A

no, but it increases the number of colors that can be seen across the spectrum

81
Q

Color deficiency

A

partial loss of color perception

82
Q

what are the three different types of color deficiencies?

A

monochromats, dichromats, anomalous trichromat

83
Q

anomalous trichromat?

A

need 3 wavelengths to match wavelengths, but mix these wavelengths in different proportions that normal trichromats

84
Q

what are unilateral dichromats used for?

A

to determine what a dichromat perceives. it is a person with trichromatic vision in one eye and dichromatic vision in the other eye

85
Q

what are the three types of dichromats?

A

protanopia, deuteranopia, tritanopia

86
Q

protanopia

A

perceives short wavelengths like blue, and as the wavelength is increased, the blue becomes less and less saturated until they perceive grey. neutral point 492. above neutral point they see yellow

87
Q

deuteranopia

A

perceives blue at short wavelengths, yellow at long, and has neutral point of 498nm

88
Q

tritanopia

A

blue at short wavelengths, red at long. neutral point 570

89
Q

why do anomalous trichromats match colors differently?

A

have more difficulty discriminating between some wavelengths because their M and L pigment spectra have been shifted so they are closer together

90
Q

what is the opponent process theory of color vision?

A

states that color vision is caused by opposing responses generated by blue and yellow and by red and green

91
Q

Simultaneous color contrast

A

effect that occurs when surrounding an area with a color changes the appearance of the surrounded area

92
Q

what are opponent neurons and where are they found?

A

opponent neurons in the retina and LGN that responded with an excitatory response to light from one part of the spectrum and with an inhibitory response to light from another part

93
Q

color center in the brain?

A

v4 responds to color

94
Q

cerebral achromatopsia

A

damage to the brain that loses ability to see color

95
Q

what are some evidence that rejects the idea of a color center

A

opponent cells have been found in many areas, and brain damage causes achromatopsia and other effects

96
Q

what are the two types of opponent neurons? what does each do?

A

single opponent neurons: important for perceiving color within regions. double opponent neurons: important for perceiving boundaries between different colors

97
Q

what does recent research suggest about form and color?

A

close connection between the processing of form and color, and even that color may play a role in determining form

98
Q

color constancy

A

we perceive the colors of objects as being relatively constant even under changing illumination

99
Q

chromatic adaptaion

A

prolonged exposure to a chromatic color

100
Q

Partial color constancy

A

the perception of the object is shifted after adaptation, but not as much as when there was no adaptation

101
Q

what does adaptation do to the dominant colors in a scene? novel colors?

A

tones them down, also causes novel colors to stand out

102
Q

when does color constancy work the best? why?

A

works best when an object is surrounded by objects of many different colors, visual system uses info provided by the way objects in a scene are illuminated to estimate the characteristics of the illumination and to make appropriate corrections

103
Q

memory color

A

effect on perception from prior knowledge of the typical color of objects

104
Q

Lightness constancy

A

the fact that we see whites, grays, and blacks as staying about the same shade under different illuminations

105
Q

what does the amount of light reaching the eye from an object depend on?

A

illumination (the total amount of light that is striking the object’s surface), the objects reflectance (the proportion of this light that object reflects into our eyes)

106
Q

what does lightness constancy depend on? what doesnt it depend on?

A

depends on the objects reflectance (% of light reflected from the object, which is the same no matter the illumination). not the amount of light reflected

107
Q

what the ratio principle? what does it work for?

A

as long as this ratio stays the same, the perceived lightness will remain the same. works for flat, evenly illuminated objects

108
Q

reflectance edge

A

edge where the reflectance of two surfaces changes

109
Q

illumination edge

A

edge where the lighting changes

110
Q

what is a penumbra and what does it do?

A

fuzzy border at the edge of a shadow, provides info to the visual system that the dark area to the cup is a shadow

111
Q

Cue approach to depth perception

A

focuses on identifying information in the retinal image that is correlated with depth in the scene. oculomotor, monocular, binocular.

112
Q

what are oculomotor depth cues and how are they created? which is most effective?

A

cues based on our ability to sense the position of our eyes and the tension in our eye muscles. created by convergence and accommodation. indicate when an object is close. convergence is most effective

113
Q

what are monocular depth cues?

A

cues that work with one eye

114
Q

what does occlusion provide info on?

A

Indicates that the object that is partially covered is farther away than another object, but from occlusion alone we can’t tell how much farther (no info about objects distance)

115
Q

relative height (in pictorial cues)

A

objects with their their bases closer to the horizon are usually seen as being more distant

116
Q

Perspective convergence

A

when you look down parallel railroad tracks that appear to converge in the distance

117
Q

Atmospheric perspective

A

occurs when distant objects appear less sharp than nearer objects and often have a slight blue tint

118
Q

Texture gradient

A

elements that are equally spaces in a scene appear to be more closely packed as distance increases

119
Q

what are the two types of motion produced cues

A

motion parallax, deletion and accretion

120
Q

Motion parallax

A

when we move, nearby objects appear to glide rapidly past us, but more distant objects appear to move more slowly

121
Q

Deletion and accretion

A

as an observer moves sideways, some things become covered and others become uncovered

122
Q

what is stereoscopic vision and what does it involve?

A

two eyed depth perception, involves mechanisms that take into account differences in the images formed on the left and right eyes

123
Q

Strabismus

A

misalignment of the eye, visual system suppresses vision in one of the eyes to avoid double vision

124
Q

Binocular disparity

A

the differences in the images on the left and right retinas

125
Q

what are corresponding retinal points and when do they occur?

A

points on the retina that overlap if the eyes are superimposed on each other. occur when images of objects are on the horopter

126
Q

absolute disparity/angle of disparity

A

degree to which these objects deviate from falling on corresponding points

127
Q

how does the angle of disparity change for objects?

A

angle of disparity is greater for objects at greater distances from the horopter

128
Q

Relative disparity

A

the difference in absolute disparities of objects in a scene

129
Q

Stereopsis

A

the impression of depth that results from information provided by binocular disparity

130
Q

Stereoscope

A

device that produces two slightly different pictures and gives the illusion of depth

131
Q

Correspondence problem

A

how the visual system matches the parts of the image in the left and right eye that correspond to one another

132
Q

Binocular depth cells/disparity selective cells

A

neurons that respond to absolute disparity

133
Q

what is a visual angle and what does it depend on?

A

angle of an object relative to the observer’s eye, depends on both size of object and distance

134
Q

what did the holway and boring experiment show?

A

SHOWED THAT SIZE ESTIMATION IS BASED ON THE ACTUAL SIZES OF OBJECTS WHEN THERE IS GOOD DEPTH INFO BUT THAT SIZE INFO IS STRONGLY INFLUENCED BY THE OBJECT’S VISUAL ANGLE WHEN DEPTH INFO IS ELIMINATED

135
Q

Size constancy

A

fact that our perception of an object’s size is relatively constant even when we view the object from different distances

136
Q

size distance scaling

A

takes an object’s distance into account. S=K(RD)

137
Q

Emmert’s law

A

the farther away an afterimage appears, the larger it will seem

138
Q

what is the size constancy scaling way to explain the muller-lyer illusion?

A

size constancy is tricking us. the LONGER one looks like an inside of a corner, which appear to “recede”. Size-distance scaling mechanism treats the inside corner as farther away, so it appears longer.

139
Q

what is the conflicting cues theory of explain the muller-lyer illusion?

A

our perception of line length depends on two cues: the actual length of the vertical lines, the overall length of the figure. because the overall length of the right figure is longer due to the outward oriented fins, the vertical line appears longer

140
Q

what is the apparent distance theory for the moon illusion

A

the moon on the horizon appears more distant because it is viewed across the filled space of the terrain. when the moon is higher in the sky, it appears less distant because it is viewed through empty space (less depth info). S=RD, horizon D is larger, S is larger, moon looks bigger.

141
Q

what is the angular size contrast theory for the moon illusion?

A

Moon appears smaller when it is surrounded by larger objects (the sky). When the moon is on the horizon, less sky surrounds it, and it appears larger

142
Q

what are the receptive fields for V1, MT, MST

A

1, 10, 100

143
Q

what are the receptive fields in the cerebellum like?

A

panoramic. medial VbC responds best to optic flow from self translation, lateral VbC to self rotation

PSYCO 367 (3 decks)

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