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Midterm 2-Psyc > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision?

A

Opponent-Process Theory

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2
Q

With what sleep disorder do its sufferers seldom wake up fully during an episode and recall little or nothing the next morning - at most, a fleeting, frightened image?

A

Night terrors

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3
Q

What is a sleep stage that is characterized by sleep spindles - bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain-wave activity?

A

Nrem-2 Sleep

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4
Q

During what sleep stage is your brain’s motor cortex active but its messages blocked by your brainstem, leaving your muscles relaxed and you essentially paralyzed?

A

REM Sleep

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5
Q

What is an awareness that allows us to assemble information from many sources as we reflect on our past and plan our future?

A

Consciousness

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6
Q

What illusion would a lighted sign exploit if it creates an impression of a moving arrow?

A

Phi Phenomenon

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7
Q

What illusion do film animation artists create by flashing 24 still pictures a second?

A

Phi Phenomenon

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8
Q

What type of depth cues include relative size: how we perceive objects as being farther away if they cast smaller retinal images than other objects we assume to be similar in size?

A

Monocular cues

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9
Q

What rules, identified by the Gestalt psychologists and applied even by infants, illustrate how the perceived whole differs from the sum of its parts?

A

Gestalt Laws of Organization

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10
Q

What has been theorized to serve the function of supporting our growth via the release of growth hormone?

A

Sleep

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11
Q

What are there 200 or more of inside each little bump on the top and sides of your tongue?

A

Taste Buds

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12
Q

What includes the principle of closure: that we fill in gaps to create a complete, whole object?

A

Gestalt Laws of Organization

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13
Q

What consciously processes only about 40 bits of information per second from the 11,000,000 bits per second that your five senses take in?

A

Selective Attention

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14
Q

What has virtually no discernible impact on the differences in personality seen between individuals?

A

Environment

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15
Q

What would an internet user demonstrate if they had an inability to resist logging on, and staying on, even when this excessive use impairs their work and relationships?

A

Addiction

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16
Q

What is the principle that unconscious information processing occurs simultaneously on many parallel tracks with conscious activity?

A

Dual Processing

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17
Q

What are there 46 of in every cell nucleus in your body that contain the genetic code for your entire body?

A

Chromosomes

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18
Q

What type of drugs excite neural activity and speed up body functions?

A

Stimulants

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19
Q

What physical property of sound waves when low is perceived as a low pitch note, and when high is perceived as a high pitch note?

A

Frequency

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20
Q

To decide which of two competing comics the audience liked the best, the host asks the audience to cheer if they liked the first comic best and then asks the audience to cheer if they liked the second comic best. His ability to correctly detect whether the audience cheered louder for one comic versus the other is a function of his _____________ threshold.

A

Difference threshold

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21
Q

According to what theory of pitch perception should the nerve impulses from the cochlea fire at a rate of 75 per second be for a piano note of 75 hertz?

A

Frequency theory

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22
Q

What type of mechanism can activate and inhibit relevant genes and possibly preserve these effects in subsequent cell divisions of a cell line?

A

Epigenetics

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23
Q

Whether raised together or apart, what type of twins are least similar in intelligence test scores?

A

Fraternal Twin

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24
Q

When Lindsay spins in circles, what type of sensory receptor is stimulated by the fluid in her ear�s semicircular canals moving, and sends messages about movement to her brain?

A

Vestibular Receptor

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25
Q

What would be the ability to correctly discriminate between two types of fruit in a blind taste test, as compared to their sugars stimulating taste buds on the tongue?

A

Perception

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26
Q

Colin was involved in an accident that injured his left ear, damaging his left eardrum. Though the injury reduced his ear�s capacity to transmit vibrations, a hearing aid greatly improves his ability to hear. What area of Colin’s ear was most likely damaged?

A

Middle Ear

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27
Q

What do a mother and a father both each contribute 23 of to each of their offspring?

A

Chromosomes

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28
Q

The field that researches how heredity and environment interact to influence psychological characteristics, especially in accounting for differences among people, is called __________.

A

Behaviour genetics

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29
Q

Whether raised together or apart, what type of twins are most similar in personality scores?

A

Identical twin

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30
Q

The Pygmy people live in the dense rainforests of Africa, and few ever see wide open spaces. An anthropologist took a Pygmy out of the rainforest and showed him a wide plain where buffalo were grazing. The buffalo were so far away that they looked like insects to the Pygmy, and when the anthropologist drove the Pygmy closer to them, the Pygmy was convinced that some form of witchcraft was being used to change the insects into buffalo. Because of his lack of experience with distant objects, what had the Pygmy not developed?

A

Perceptual Constancy

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31
Q

Different ______________ of electromagnetic energy are interpreted as different colors by the eye.

A

Wavelength

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32
Q

What does the field of behavior genetics primarily measure?

A

Heritability

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33
Q

What type of perception would a sniper rely upon to be able to spot enemy soldiers out of a crowd of innocent bystanders?

A

Figure Ground

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34
Q

The size of the __________ regulates the amount of light that enters the eye.

A

Pupil

35
Q

Owls are nocturnal animals, and they have exceptional night vision. Because they are generally not active during the day, they did not develop the ability to see colors�they see only black and white. Given this information, we can conclude that owls have what type of receptor cells?

A

Rods

36
Q

What contain the chemical receptors concentrated along the edges and back surface of the tongue?

A

Taste Buds

37
Q

John-Paul volunteers to help his science teacher with a demonstration. The teacher hands John-Paul a card with a dot on the left-hand side and an X on the right-hand side. Following the teacher�s instructions, John-Paul closes his right eye, focuses on the X, and slowly moves the card toward his face. The dot seems to magically disappear, though of course when he opens both eyes, it is still there. What is responsible for causing this to happen?

A

Blindspot

38
Q

Genetic engineering involves cutting, combining, and then inserting it into a host organism what type of molecule?

A

DNA

39
Q

It is easy to tell the difference between one pound of sand and five pounds of sand. It is more difficult to tell the differences between 500 pounds of sand and 505 pounds of sand. What law is this comparison consistent with?

A

Webers Law

40
Q

What includes size constancy: perceiving the size of objects as constant even while our distance from them varies?

A

Perceptual Constancy

41
Q

What focuses our attention when we learn a complex concept or behavior?

A

consciousness

42
Q

What might help solve scientific mysteries, such as why only one member of an identical twin pair may develop a genetically influenced mental disorder, and how experience leaves its fingerprints in our brains?

A

epigenetics

43
Q

What process has two mechanisms: assessments of the relative timing and of the relative intensity of sounds that arrive at each ear?

A

Sound localization

44
Q

What is the study of the molecular mechanisms by which environments trigger genetic expression?

A

epigenetics

45
Q

What was demonstrated by the failure of viewers to notice a man dressed in a gorilla-suit walk across the video screen if they had their attention focused on the basketball game taking place in the background?

A

inattentional blindness

46
Q

What sleep stage is also known as paradoxical sleep because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but the body is internally aroused, with waking-like brain activity?

A

REM Sleep

47
Q

What includes brightness (or lightness) constancy: perceiving an object as having a constant brightness, despite variations in its illumination, due to the relative luminance of its surroundings?

A

Perceptual Constancy

48
Q

In what sleep stage do your eyes dart around in momentary bursts of activity behind closed eyelids?

A

REM Sleep

49
Q

What, in its attempts to explain human behavior through evolution, do some critics say is only giving hindsight explanations and has been described as mere speculation and guesswork?

A

Evolutionary Psychology

50
Q

What are the principles that explain our perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups?

A

Gestalt Laws of Organization

51
Q

For what factor do siblings, that just share an identical version of this, not much resemble one another in personality?

A

Environment

52
Q

Where do sound waves trigger nerve impulses when they travel through its fluid and cause its hair cells to bend?

A

Cochlea

53
Q

What is the organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings?

A

Figure- Ground

54
Q

What is a segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a protein?

A

Genes

55
Q

______________ is the number of sound waves, or cycles, per second.

A

Frequency

56
Q

What is the extent to which variation among a group of people can be attributed to genetic factors?

A

Heritability

57
Q

What theory of pitch perception holds true for high frequencies?

A

Place theory

58
Q

Some birds of prey have such exceptional visual acuity that they can see small animals from thousands of feet in the air. Visual acuity is greatest when an image projects directly onto a small area of the _______, known as the fovea, that contains no rods but many cones. Some birds of prey have more than one of these areas.

A

Retina

59
Q

According to the __________________ theory, each of three types of cones respond to two different wavelengths. One type responds to red-green, one to blue-yellow, and one to black-white.

A

Opponent-process theory

60
Q

What type of sound perception is one of the key benefits of having two ears?

A

Sound localization

61
Q

What theory of color was based on the fact that blue, green, and red can generate the entire visible spectrum through additive mixture?

A

Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory

62
Q

Isaac is in a room that is almost completely dark. He notices while lying in bed that if he tries to focus on the faint little red light on the fire detector, it seems to disappear. When he asks his mother why this happens, she explains that the eye receptors that understand color do not function well in very dim light. To which receptors is she referring?

A

Cones

63
Q

What process for visual stimuli in the retina would be analogous to how your radio picks up radio frequency waves and converts them into sounds out the speakers?

A

Transduction

64
Q

When shown a picture of a hunting scene, African people perceived a hunter as attempting to kill a baby elephant, while Westerners tended to perceive that the hunter was after another animal and thought that the �baby elephant� was actually an adult elephant off in the distance. These results were presented as an example of how the use of __________ depth cues are not consistent across cultures.

A

Monocular Cues

65
Q

What type of receptor would a Basket cell be, which surround the base of hair follicles and serve as pressure sensors?

A

Skin receptor

66
Q

Compared to sensory receptors in the eyes and ears, the taste receptor and the ___________ are somewhat unique in that they are sensitive to chemical molecules rather than to some form of energy.

A

Olfactory Receptor

67
Q

What would be the ability to notice a sound, as compared to the ability to identify it as your friend’s voice?

A

Sensation

68
Q

Every year, the dubious posthumous honor of the ‘Darwin Award’ is bestowed on people who ‘[improve] the human genome by�accidentally kill[ing] themselves in really stupid ways.’ In 2002, for example, a man used a chainsaw to open a grenade because he wanted to make firecrackers; instead, the grenade exploded. To which of Darwin�s principles are the Darwin Awards in homage?

A

Natural Selection

69
Q

Patrick�s mother is an astronomer. She shows Patrick the constellations in the night sky. Patrick likes the Big Dipper the best, because it�s the easiest for him to see. What principles account for his ability to see the stars form what looks like a big spoon?

A

Gestalt Laws of Organization

70
Q

Psychologist David Buss studies the dating and mating behaviors of human beings. The facial features we associate with female ‘beauty’�big eyes, clear skin, full lips�are strongly correlated with health and fertility; therefore, Buss says, ancestral men who chose ‘beautiful’� women were more likely to have healthy children and pass on this appreciation of ‘beauty.’ Based on this information, we can say that Buss is from what field of study?

A

Evolutionary Psychology

71
Q

Dr. McCallum explains to her class that not all of the information contained in our _________ is used, such as when the environment doesn�t trigger certain tendencies.

A

Genes

72
Q

Realizing that she forgot to lock the doors, Michelle goes down the steps in the dark to reach the front door. Unable to see her cat sitting on the landing, Michelle trips over her. The cat, meanwhile, is wondering why Michelle steps on her at night but not during the day�after all, the CAT can see just fine. Michelle and her cat have different ___________________ for light.

A

absolute threshold

73
Q

When Lindsay spins in circles, the sensation of motion that her brain perceives is probably particularly disconcerting for Lindsay due to what kind of sensory receptor telling her that her body is still?

A

Kinesthetic sensor

74
Q

Ken asks his eye doctor to explain why he has blurry vision. The doctor says that Ken has a condition, known as myopia, due to his eyeball being longer than normal, so visual images fall too close to the _______ of his eye. As a result, faraway objects look blurry.

A

lens

75
Q

You walk into your apartment and immediately notice your roommate has left dishes in the sink, but you fail to notice that she has vacuumed and dusted. Your perceptions were likely guided by a ________________ for your generally sloppy roommate.

A

Perceptual Set

76
Q

The fact that each eye receives a slightly different visual stimulus is significant in the creation of __________ depth cues.

A

Binocular Cues

77
Q

What describes the fact that when we are looking at a bird flying, we are consciously aware of the result of our cognitive processing (“It’s a hummingbird!) but not of our subprocessing of the bird’s color, form, movement, and distance?

A

dual processing

78
Q

What is the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events?

A

perception

79
Q

What includes the principle of continuity: that we perceive smooth, continuous patterns rather than discontinuous ones?

A

Gestalt laws of organization

80
Q

For a given trait, what may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied?

A

heritability

81
Q

What type of sensory receptor consists of hair cells located in two structures of the inner ear: the semicircular canals for detecting the direction of head acceleration and the vestibular sacs for detecting the position of the head?

A

vestibular receptor

82
Q

During what stage of sleep could you fail to detect sensory stimuli but when asked about it afterwards also be unaware that you were even asleep?

A

NREM-1 Sleep

83
Q

What physical property of light waves determines the dimension of color?

A

Wavelength

84
Q

What theory of color vision has trouble explaining how people blind to red and green only (the most common type of color-blindness) can often still see yellow?

A

Young-Helmholts Trichromatic Theory

Midterm 2-Psyc (1 decks)

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