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ENT 104 > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Reciprocity

A

Altruistic and cooperative behavior might evolve if individuals reciprocated cooperative acts

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2
Q

The Prisoner’s Dilemma

A

If it always pays to defect, why would you choose to do anything else? And what happens if you meet this partner multiple times?

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3
Q

Tit-for-Tat

A

Cooperate on the first encounter then copy your partner in the following times. Based on: forgiveness, niceness, and swift retaliation.

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4
Q

Byproduct Mutualism

A

The cost of not cooperating is greater than the cost of cooperating (cheaters get a lower payoff than cooperators).

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5
Q

kin selection

A

the reproductive success of relatives has an indirect positive effect on your fitness, so you should contribute to that success. Based on: level of relatedness, cost of altruistic act, and level of benefit enjoyed by the relative.

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6
Q

Hamilton’s Rule

A

rb>c where r is relatedness, b is benefit to receiver, and c is cost to donor

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7
Q

subsocial

A

Degree of sociality in which adults care for young. cost: can’t produce more eggs when caring; benefit: higher survival rates of young

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8
Q

subsocial i

A

mothers and daughters live in same nest

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9
Q

subsocial ii

A

mothers and daughters live in same nest and cooperate

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10
Q

parasocial-communal

A

adults of one generation use a composite nest

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11
Q

parasocial-quasisocial

A

adults of one generation use a composite nest and cooperate in brood care

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12
Q

parasocial-semisocial

A

same as quasisocial but some work and others reproduce (castes)

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13
Q

eusocial

A

cooperative brood care, reproductive castes, overlap of generations

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14
Q

communal breeding

A

many unrelated or distantly related adults in the same nest and all are reproductively active; parental care is costly but can be shared amongst all parents of the same generation; favored if egg to adult development is long, foraging is risky, and orphan brood is vulnerable

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15
Q

swarming

A

reproduction of a colony–when a colony becomes overpopulated and congested, new queens are produced and the old queen leaves with a group to start a new nest while the daughter queen succeeds her.

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16
Q

reproductive castes

A

queens vs. workers

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17
Q

behavioral castes

A

task specialization among workers and temporal polyethesim

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18
Q

temporal polyethism

A

behavioral division of labor associated with worker age: young to old, inside to outside, safer to more dangerous

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19
Q

morphological castes

A

morphologically and behaviorally specialized workers

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20
Q

haploidiploidy

A

the sex-determining mechanism found in some insect groups among which males are haploid and females are diploid; thus some eggs are being fertilized while others are not

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21
Q

eclose

A

entering adult stage after emerging from a pupa

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22
Q

basic building block

A

cell that ranges from flask- to capsule- to hexagonal-shaped with or without a cap; spiral closure is unique

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23
Q

queen bee

A

large, 1 per hive, 2 year lifespan, kill sisters and mother, mate with males, lay 1500 eggs/day

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24
Q

drone bee

A

medium, 200/hive, 21-32 day lifespan, mate with young queen

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25
Q

worker bee

A

small, 20-200k/hive, 20-40 day lifespan, does everything else

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26
Q

roles of pheremones

A

attract surrounding workers; attract drones, prevent workers from reproducing at the individual and colony levels, and regulate colony functioning

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27
Q

parthenogenesis

A

a form of reproduction in which an unfertilized egg develops into a new adult individual

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28
Q

sexual reproduction

A

the formation of a new individual following the union of two gametes. benefit: produces variability which allows them to better adapt to changing environments

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29
Q

The Two-Fold Cost of Sex

A

First: sexually reproducing females produce offspring that share 50% of their genome while parthenogenetic females produce offspring that share 100% of their genome. Second: sexually reproducing females produce males and females so only some offspring bear young while parthenogenetic females produce only females so all offspring bear young

30
Q

Lottery Hypothesis

A

if all your lottery tickets have the same number, is that a good or bad thing?

31
Q

tangled bank

A

spatial heterogeneity is important in the maintenance of sex–rare individuals are best because they can occupy uncrowded niches, and sexuals do better because their offspring are more variable and hence have a better chance of being rare

32
Q

mutation accumulation (Muller’s Ratchet)

A

parthenogenetic clones accumulate mutations over time that reproduce their “fit” to their environment and recombinations between clones could reconstitute the optimal genotypes for descendant clones and lead to homozygotes for deleterious alleles who would be selected against and be removed from the population

33
Q

The Red Queen Hypothesis

A

have to run as fast as you can to stay in the same place because if competitors and enemies are adapting to the environment, you are left behind by standing still. Thus pathogens always win because of their short life cycle.

34
Q

sexual dimorphism

A

the existence of physical differences between the sexes, other than differences in the sex organs

35
Q

anisogamy

A

reproduction by the union of two gametes that differ in form or size (usually size). usually small gametes are male.

36
Q

productivity

A

first selection pressure on gamete size–the number of gametes produced per unit time by a given parent

37
Q

zygote fitness

A

second selection pressure on gamete size–a measure of the probability that a zygote will survive to adulthood and reproduce, in the shortest time

38
Q

sexual selection

A

depends not on a single struggle for existence but on a struggle between males for possession of the females.

39
Q

polygyny

A

males mate with more than one female in a lifetime

40
Q

monogamy

A

males and females mate with only one individual of the opposite sex in a lifetime

41
Q

polyandry

A

females mate with more than one male in a lifetime

42
Q

intrasexual selection

A

male-male competition

43
Q

intersexual selection/epigamic selection

A

female choice

44
Q

protandry

A

males emerge before females

45
Q

ardent males

A

characterized by warmth of feeling typically expressed in eager support or activity.

46
Q

sperm competition

A

prevent other males’ sperm from fertilizing eggs

47
Q

spermatheca

A

sperm removal, genital cement, anti-aphrodisiac scents

48
Q

spermatophore

A

a capsule that contains spermatozoa that is produced by the male and transferred to the female; expensive for males to produce

49
Q

runaway sexual selection

A

initially, males have a trait that provides a benefit; female preference leads to a double advantage (fitness and attractiveness); positive feedback leads to maladaptive trait that ensures mating success but not necessarily fitness; “sexy sons” but not necessarily good genes

50
Q

handicap principle

A

heritable trait with an energetic cost, reduces variability; high quality males can survive despite the handicap; often expression of the trait is linked to physical condition; degree informs quantity

51
Q

Bateman’s principle

A

the sex which invests more energy in production becomes a limiting resource for which other sex competes, and therefore there should be greater variability in reproductive success between the competing sex than the producing sex.

52
Q

polyembryony

A

how identical twins develop–a single fertilized egg divides

53
Q

combined life cycles

A

part of the year they are sexually reproducing and part of the year they are asexually reproducing

54
Q

thelytoky

A

unfertilized eggs develop into female adults

55
Q

arrenotoky

A

unfertilized eggs develop into male adults

56
Q

ballooning

A

produce webbing to have and catch it so they can take off

57
Q

heteroecious

A

alternates between more than one host plant in an annual cycle; they have a summer and winter host

58
Q

holocyclic

A

has sexual reproduction in part of the annual life cycle

59
Q

fundatrices/fundatrix

A

aphid during spring part of life cycle when nymphs hatch from eggs and develop

60
Q

alates

A

aphid during summer part of life cycle in response to crowding or declining nutritional values of the host plant

61
Q

gymnoparae

A

aphid during autumn part of the life cycle that is a special winged female to fly from soybean to find buckthorn

62
Q

oviparae

A

aphid during autumn part of the life cycle that is a sexual female produced by gymnoparae

63
Q

aggregation pheremone

A

attractive to both males and females so males establish new chambers, and females try to join them

64
Q

mate monopolization

A

the ability of individuals in one sex to garner and maintain exclusive access to members of the other sex; high success when resources are predictable in space and time

65
Q

mate guarding monogamy

A

male stays with mate to insure that no other males have access to mating with her

66
Q

mate assistance monogamy

A

male stays with mate to elevate her reproductive output

67
Q

female defense polygyny

A

when females aggregate, males will compete for the right to mate with the cluster so males get to mate with all females and females are protected

68
Q

resource defense polygyny

A

females of many species do not live in tight clusters, but a male may still be able to defend a territory that makes him polygynous if the resources females need are clumped spatially, permitting economical defense of a resource based territory

69
Q

Pure dominance/“lek” polygyny

A

A lek mating system is characterized by a group of
males assembled to attract females as potential
mates; no pair bonding nor male parental care occur

70
Q

Scramble competition polygyny

A

No formal assembly of males, lots of females for a

short time

71
Q

Allopatric Speciation Scenario

A

A species home range becomes separated by

a physical barrier; The two new populations diverge due to different selective pressures

72
Q

character displacement

A

As members of two closely related species
become more likely to come into contact,
their courtship behaviors should become
more different

ENT 104 (1 decks)

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