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MICROBIOLOGY MINE > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe Gene exchange by phage transduction.

A

Bacteriophages can accidentally move bacterial genes between cells as an offshoot of the phage life cycle.
Transduction occurs when bacteriophages carry payloads if host DNA from one cell to another.

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2
Q

What are the two basic types of transduction

A
  • Generalized

- Specialized

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3
Q

Describe Generalized Transduction

A

Takes any gene from a donor cell and transfer it to a recipient cell

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4
Q

Describe Specialized Transduction

A

aka restricted transduction –> can only transfer a few closely linked genes between cells

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5
Q

Distinguishing own DNA in Generalized and Specialized transduction

A

Bacteriophages capable of generalized transduction have a difficult time telling the difference between their own DNA and that of host when packaging it into capsids

-What does this mean?-

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6
Q

How does a bacterium protect its genome?

A

By using restriction and modification system, which involves an enzymatic cleavage of an unknown DNA while also modifying its own DNA to have a protective methylation. A bacterium that can do this has a much higher chance of surviving.

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7
Q

Describe recombination

A

New DNA that is incorporated into the chromosome by exchanging different sections of DNA which others from other chromosomes

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8
Q

What is a mutation?

A

A permanent and heritable change in DNA sequence can be harmful, neutral, or beneficial.

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9
Q

What are the 2 basic requirements to produced a heritable mutation

A

1) Must be a change in base sequence

2) Cell must not repair changes before next round of replication

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10
Q

What is a point mutation?

A

a change in a single nucleotide

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11
Q

Transition vs Transversion

A

Point mutations:
Transition= a purine to a different purine
Transversion= Purine for a pyrimidine

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12
Q

Insertion/ substitution/ Deletion

A 
Insertion = ABD > ABCD 
Substitution= ABD > ABC 
Deletion = ABC > AB
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13
Q

What is Inversion?

A

When DNA fragment is flipped orientation relative to DNA on either side of it.

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14
Q

What is Reversion?

A

When a sequence altered by mutation returns to original

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15
Q

What do error proof repair pathways do?

A

Repair DNA to prevent mutations

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16
Q

5 types of mistakes

A
  1. Methyl mismatch pair
  2. Photoreactivation
  3. Nucleotide excision repair
  4. Base Excision Repair
  5. Recombinational Repair
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17
Q

Describe Methyl mismatch repair

A

The DNA polymerase makes a mistake, 1 mistake per 10 (6) BP

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18
Q

Describe Nucleotid E Excision Repair

A

Many microbes commonly encounter ultraviolet light,

Pyrimidine dimers that form as a result of ____

19
Q

Describe Base Excision Repair

A

BER employs a battery of glycosylase enzymes that can recognize and clip certain damaged bases from the phosphodiester backbone,

20
Q

What are Base pair Alterations

A

Unsure right now

21
Q

How does Base Excision Repair work?

A

employs a battery of glycosylase enzymes that can recognize and clip certain damaged bases from the phosphodiester back bone

22
Q

What happens in Base Excision I

A

Glycosylases cleaves the bond between damaged base to deoxyribose in the phosphodiester backbone resulting in an intact phosphodiester backbone, missing a base - or an AP site.

23
Q

What kind of AP site is it if purine is missing or is pyrimidine?

A 
Purine = Apurinic site
Pyrimidine = Apyrimidinic site
24
Q

What are 3 characteristics of Protozoa

A
  • Eukaryotic
  • Unicellular
  • Lack cell wall
25
Q

How do protozoa move?

A

Using cilia and/or pseudopods

26
Q

Describe the two stages of Protozoa: Trophozoite and cysts

A

Trophozoite: motile, feeding stage

Cysts: Protective resting phase, Can be infective

27
Q

6 Classes of Protozoa?

A
  • Parabasala
  • Diplomonadida
  • Euglenoza
  • Alveolates
  • Rhizaroa
  • Ameobozoa
28
Q

Diatoms and Dinoflagellates

A

Base of the oceans food chain,

produce most of the worlds oxygen!!

29
Q

What are cell walls of fungi and other eukaryotes made of?

A

They are made of polysaccharides like cellulose (for plants) or chitin (for fungi)

30
Q

What is multicellular fungi that produce fruiting forms known as?

A

Mushrooms

31
Q

How do Fungi help other vascular plants grow?

A

Symbiotic fungi inhabit roots and supply nutrients to the plants from broken down organic material

32
Q

What are some examples of fungal diseases?

A

-Ringworm
-Athletes foot
etc.

33
Q

How do fungi get their nutrients?

A

Using digestive enzymes that they secrete and ‘absorb’ molecules that have been broke down.

34
Q

What is the purpose of hyphae extension?

A

extending the fungi by growing the cell filaments (multinucliated)

35
Q

How does Hyphae extension work?

A

The tip of the hypha expands by adding vesicles generated by the ER, the vesicles contain phospholipids and other proteins that increase the surface area of membrane and allow the cytoplasm to expand.
Power is driven bt hydrogen ions to replace potassium (+ replace +)

36
Q

Where is the absorption zone on a hypha?

A

It is located just behind the growing tip

37
Q

What is the function of the absorption zone?

A

Taking in nutrients from area around it - usually host tissue, behind this zone is stores nutrients

38
Q

Describe how most fungi grow with a hyphae?

A

Multinucleate cell filaments (Hyphae) are extended by the nuclei dividing mitotically without cell division creating multiple nucleus , cytoplasm extends and branches.

39
Q

What is the mycelium?

A

It is the branched mass of the hyphae.

40
Q

What are cell walls of fungi made up of?

A

Chitin, which is crazy strong.

41
Q

Describe Chytridomycetes life cycle?

A

Swim similar to sperm, fertilization is similar to animals (meet and exchange DNA), have hormone receptors, have haploid and diploid stages.

42
Q

How to Zygomycetes reproduce?

A

Generate spores that must be transported by air or water.
also sexually but no male or female.
hyphae must come into contact with haploid cells of another culture.

43
Q

Primary vs Secondary Endosymbionts

A 
Primary = True algae, when a heterotrophic eukaryote absorbs a cyanobacterium. 
Secondary= When that eukaryotic cell is aborbed
44
Q

What are the 2 major clades of endosymbiotic algae?

A 
Chlorophyta = Green Algae
Rhodophyta = Red algae

MICROBIOLOGY MINE (1 decks)

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