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KP231 > Midterm #2 > Flashcards

Midterm #2 Flashcards

1
Q

What percentage of Canadian adults are moderately active during leisure time?

A

52.5%

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2
Q

What is physical activity?

A

any body movement carried out by skeletal muscles and requiring energy

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3
Q

What is exercise?

A

planned, structured, repetitive movement of the body designed to improve/maintain physical fitness

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4
Q

What is physical fitness?

A

a set of physical attributes that allow the body to respond and adapt to the demands and stress of physical effort

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5
Q

What are the Canadian Physical Activity Guidelines for children ages 5-17?

A

at least 60 mins a day of moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity

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6
Q

What are the Canadian Physical Activity Guidelines for adults 18+?

A

at least 150 mins of moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity per week

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7
Q

What is the CSEP? What is their recommendation?

A

Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology

recommends to participate in muscle and bone strengthening activities

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8
Q

What are the levels of exercise intensity? Give an example of each.

A 
very light - strolling
light - stretching
moderate - dancing
vigorous - jogging
maximum - sprinting
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9
Q

What can lifestyle exercise improve?

A

improves health but not physical fitness

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10
Q

What is cardiorespiratory endurance?

A

ability of the body to perform prolonged, large-muscle, dynamic exercise at moderate to high level intensity

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11
Q

What are some basic health benefits of regular exercise?

A

reduces stress
improves respiratory capacity
decreases risks of cancers, diabetes, heart disease, osteoporosis
increased metabolism

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12
Q

What is muscular strength?

A

amount of force a muscle can produce with a single maximum effort

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13
Q

What is muscular endurance?

A

ability of a muscle/group of muscles to remain contracted or to contract repeatedly

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14
Q

What is flexibility?

A

ability to move joints through their full range of motion

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15
Q

What is body composition?

A

proportion of fat and fat-free mass (muscle, bone, water) in the body

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16
Q

What are the neuromuscular-related components of fitness?

A

Some People Adore Blue Coloured Rats

speed
power
agility
balance
coordination
reaction time
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17
Q

What is the principle of physical training?

A

the goal of physical training is to produce long term changes and improvements in the body’s functionin

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18
Q

What are the 4 components of physical training?

A

specificity
progressive overload
reversibility
individual differences

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19
Q

What is specificity?

A

the body adapts to the particular type/amount of stress placed on it

to develop a particular fitness component, you must perform exercises specifically designed for that component

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20
Q

What is progressive overload?

A

placing increasing amounts of stress on the body causes adaptations that improve fitness

follows the FITT principle for overload
Frequency
Intensity
Time
Type
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21
Q

What is reversibility?

A

fitness improvements are lost when demands on the body are lowered

50% of fitness improvements are lost within 2 months of stopping exercise

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22
Q

What are individual difference?

A

everyone is not created equal from a physical standpoint, large individual differences in ability to improve fitness and body composition

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23
Q

What are some general training guidelines?

A

train regularly but gradually
train the way you want your body to change
warm-up and cool-down
cycle volume and intensity of workouts

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24
Q

What are some factors that come into play when choosing a fitness centre?

A 
convenience
atmosphere
safety
trained personnel
cost
effectiveness
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25
Q

What is illness?

A

the ill health a person identifies themselves with, often based on self-reported mental or physical symptoms

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26
Q

What is disease?

A

health problem that consists of a physiological malfunction resulting in an actual or potential reduction in physical capacities and/or reduced life expectancy

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27
Q

What is sickness?

A

the poor health or health problems of an individual defined by others with reference to the social activity of that individual

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28
Q

What is a syndrome?

A

a disease of disorder with more than one identifying feature/symptom

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29
Q

What is a disorder?

A

the disruption component of disease to normal functions of a part of the body

ex. cardiovascular disease has the disorder of irregular heatbeat

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30
Q

What are the types of disorders?

A

My Parents Gave Everyone Blue Stickers

mental
physical
genetic
emotional
behavioural 
structural
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31
Q

What is etiology?

A

the study of the causes of disease

sum of agent factors, host factors, and environmental factors

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32
Q

What is an agent factor?

A

cause of disease

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33
Q

What is a host factor?

A

organism, usually human/animal, that has the disease

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34
Q

What is environment factor?

A

surroundings external to human/animal that causes or allows disease transmission

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35
Q

How does time play into etiology?

A

incubation periods
life expectancies of host or pathogen
duration of illness

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36
Q

What is a communicable disease? What are the causative agents?

A

any condition that is transmitted directly or indirectly from an infected host through an intermediate host or the environment

pathogens are causative agent

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37
Q

What is a non-communicable disease? What are the causative agents?

A

non-infectious disease, not transmissible
usually lasts a long time and progresses slowly
complex etiology

causative agents are nutrition, hormones, tumours, genetics, etc

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38
Q

What is an example of a non-communicable disease?

A

cancer

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39
Q

What is an example of a communicable disease?

A

tuberculosis

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40
Q

What are the categories of disease?

A

hyperacute
acute
semi-acute
chronic

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41
Q

What is a hyperacute disease?

A

complications may appear before classical symptoms

ex. meningococcal-meningitis

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42
Q

What is an acute disease?

A

marked onset, marked end
duration no more than 6 weeks

ex. chicken pox

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43
Q

What is a semi-acute disease?

A

marked onset, lasting duration
over 6 weeks

ex. typhoid fever

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44
Q

What is a chronic disease?

A

years in duration with exacerbations (periods of worsening)

ex. cancer, AIDS

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45
Q

What are the types of communicable disease by space?

A

sporadic
endemic
epidemic
pandemic

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46
Q

What is a sporadic disease?

A

scattered, dispersed cases with no connections in time and space

ex. rabies

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47
Q

What is an endemic disease?

A

permanent/long-lasting increased presence of a disease in a given area

ex. malaria

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48
Q

What is an epidemic disease?

A

occurrence of disease in significantly higher than normal frequency in a community

ex. SARS

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49
Q

What is a pandemic disease?

A

diffused spread of disease over the continents of the Earth

ex. H1N1

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50
Q

Which general disease type is the leading source or premature deaths/disabilities?

A

non-communicable diseases

42% increase from 1999-2010, while communicable diseases had 14% decrease

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51
Q

What are the 4 main modifiable (behavioural) risk factors for non-communicable diseases?

A

alcohol abuse
smoking
lack of exercise
unhealthy diet

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52
Q

What are the main non-modifiable risk factors for non-communicable diseases?

A

age
gender
race
family history

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53
Q

What are metabolic risk factors?

A

biochemical processes involved in our body’s normal functioning

behavioural and non-modifiable risk factors can lead to metabolic factors

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54
Q

What are some examples of metabolic risk factors?

A

high cholesterol, blood pressure, blood sugar

being overweight/obese

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55
Q

What measures have been taken to reduce the number of NCD deaths?

A 
raise tobacco tax
prohibit public smoking
reduce salt in foods
controls on alcohol use/purchase
physical activity promotion
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56
Q

How can epidemics be stopped?

A

at least one element of the triangle must be interfered with or removed from existence so the disease can no longer continue

ex. vaccinate, clean environment, behaviour change

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57
Q

What is cardiovascular disease?

A

collective term for the various diseases of the heart and vessels

cardio = heart
vascular = vessels
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58
Q

Every how many minutes does heart disease and stroke claim a life?

A

every 8 minutes

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59
Q

What are the 2nd and 3rd leading causes of death in Canada?

A

heart attacks

stroke

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60
Q

What is the #2 killer of Canadian women?

A

heart attack

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61
Q

What are the 5 main components of the cardiovascular system?

A 
heart
veins
arteries
capillaries
blood
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62
Q

What are the 2 types of circulation?

A

pulmonary

  • governed by right side
  • blood circulates between heart and lungs

systematic

  • governed by left side
  • blood circulates between heart and rest of body
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63
Q

What are the 4 chambers of the heart?

A

right atrium
right ventricle
left atrium
left ventricle

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64
Q

What is the vena cava?

A

large 2 (inferior and superior) veins through which blood is returned to the right atrium of the heart

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65
Q

What is the aorta?

A

large artery that receives blood from the left ventricle and distributes it to the body

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66
Q

What are the types of blood vessels?

A

veins
- thin walled, carry blood to heart

arteries

  • thick walls, carry blood from heart
  • expand and relax with volume of blood

capillaries
- very small, exchange oxygen between blood and tissue

coronary arteries
- branch off aorta and supply heart with oxygenated blood

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67
Q

What is systole?

A

the hearts contraction phase

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68
Q

What is diastole?

A

the hearts relaxation phase

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69
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

force exerted by blood on the walls of the blood vessels

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70
Q

What are some functions of the cardiovascular system?

A

circulate oxygen, remove carbon dioxide
transport nutrients, hormones, waste products
clot to stop bleeding after injury

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71
Q

What are the major modifiable risk factors for CVD?

A 
tobacco use
physical inactivity
obesity
diabetes
high blood pressure
high cholesterol
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72
Q

What are the effects of tobacco use on CVD?

A

damages artery linings
increases blood pressure and heart rate
platelets becomes sticky, lead to blood clots
speeds development of fatty deposits in arteries

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73
Q

How many CVD deaths are attributable to smoking?

A

1 in 7

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74
Q

How many people used tobacco as of 2007?

A

5.2 million

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75
Q

What is hypertension?

A

sustained abnormally high blood pressure
risk factor for many forms of CVD
excess force on arterial walls

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76
Q

What is normal blood pressure for a healthy adult?

A

systole - 120-129

diastole - 80-84

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77
Q

What is high blood pressure for a healthy adult?

A

systole - 140+

diastole - 90+

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78
Q

What are the causes of high blood pressure?

A

atherosclerosis
scarred/hardened arteries
weakened or enlarged heart

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79
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

progressive hardening and narrowing of the arteries

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80
Q

What are the causes of primary hypertension?

A

genetics
environment
lifestyle

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81
Q

What are the causes of secondary hypertension?

A

underlying illness

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82
Q

What is the prevalence of high blood pressure/hypertension?

A

20% of Canadians, only 66% controlled

22% have prehypertension

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83
Q

What factors increase incidence of high blood pressure?

A

age
oral contraceptive use
First Nations, African, South Asian

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84
Q

What is the treatment for high blood pressure?

A

no treatment, only control

get tested every 2 years

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85
Q

What is cholesterol?

A

fatty, wax-like substance that circulates through the bloodstream

important component of cell membranes, sex hormones, Vitamin D, protective sheaths around nerves

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86
Q

What are the results of excessive cholesterol?

A

clogs arteries

increases risk of CVD

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87
Q

What is LDL?

A

low density lipoproteins
“bad cholesterol”
shuttles cholesterol from liver to organs and tissues

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88
Q

What is HDL?

A

high density lipoproteins
“good cholesterol”
shuttle unused cholesterol back to liver for recycling

if more than the body can use, gets deposited in blood vessels

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89
Q

What are some ways you can improve your cholesterol levels?

A 
choose unsaturated fats over saturated and trans
increase soluble fibre intake
eat more fruits, veggies, whole grains
exercise regularly
maintain healthy body weight
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90
Q

What are the benefits of low cholesterol?

A

every 1% reduction in total blood cholesterol level cuts heart attack risk by 2%

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91
Q

How can exercise reduce risk for CVD?

A

decrease blood pressure and resting heart rate
maintain weight
prevent diabetes

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92
Q

What BMI is considered obese?

A

equal to or greater than 30

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93
Q

What is diabetes?

A

disruption of glucose metabolism

increases blood levels of glucose which damages artery linings, linked to other CVD risk factors

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94
Q

How does diabetes affect the risk of CVD for men and women?

A

men x2 risk

women x3 risk

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95
Q

What are the contributing risk factors to CVD that can be changed?

A 
high triglyceride levels
psychological and social factors
- stress
- chronic anger
- depression and anxiety
- low SES
- social isolation
alcohol and drugs
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96
Q

What are the major risk factors that can’t be changed?

A 
heredity
aging (being 65+)
male
Aboriginal, African, South Asian Canadians
inflammation and C-reactive protein
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97
Q

What are some possible risk factors that are currently being studied?

A 
insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome
LDL particle size
blood viscosity and iron
time of day/year
uric acid
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98
Q

What is a heart attack?

A

aka myocardial infarction

damage to, or death of, the heart muscle sometimes resulting in failure of heart to deliver blood to the body

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99
Q

What is angina pectoris?

A

chest pain when the heart doesn’t receive enough blood

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100
Q

What is arrhythmia?

A

irregularity in force/rhythm of heartbeat

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101
Q

What are some heart attack warning signs?

A 
chest/upper body discomfort
shortness of breath
sweating
nausea
light-headed
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102
Q

How can you help someone who is having a heart attack?

A

get help within first 2 hours
get help even if the person denies it
chew and swallow aspirin tablet
CPR if not breathing

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103
Q

What are some tests used to detect heart disease?

A

ECG
PET
stress (exercise) test
MRI

104
Q

What is sudden cardiac death?

A

non-traumatic, unexpected death from sudden cardiac arrest

usually due to arrhythmia

105
Q

What are treatments for heart attack?

A 
aspirin
prescription drugs
balloon angioplasty
coronary stents
coronary bypass surgery
106
Q

What is a stroke?

A

aka cerebrovascular acident

impeded blood supply to parts of the brain leading to the destruction of brain cells

107
Q

What are the 2 types of strokes?

A

ischemic - caused by blood clot (80%)

hemorrhagic - caused by ruptured blood vessels (20%)

108
Q

What are some of the lasting effects of a stroke?

A 
paralysis
physical impairment
speech impairment
memory loss
changes in behaviour
109
Q

What are typical stroke treatments?

A 
clot-dissolving drugs
carotid endartectomy (removing blockage from carotid artery)
110
Q

What are some of the warning signs of a stroke?

A 
numbness/weakness
confusion
trouble speaking and understanding
trouble seeing and walking
dizzy
loss of balance/coordination
111
Q

What is congestive heart failure?

A

condition resulting from the heart’s inability to pump out all the blood that returns to it

blood backs up in the veins that lead to the heart, fluid accumulates

112
Q

What are congenital heart defects?

A

malformation of the heart and major vessels

ex. hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

113
Q

What is rheumatic heart disease?

A

streptococcal infections cause damage to heart muscles and valves

114
Q

What are heart valve disorders?

A

congenital heart defects and certain types of infections cause abnormalities

ex. mitral valve prolapse

115
Q

What are some ways to eat heart healthy?

A 
decrease fat and cholesterol intake
increase fibre intake
decrease sodium and potassium intake
moderate, if any, alcohol intake
increase omega-3 fatty acid intake
116
Q

What is the prevalence of cancer?

A

leading cause of death in Canada
1 in 4 deaths
75,000 deaths annually
1450 deaths weekly

117
Q

How many people are diagnosed with cancer each day?

A

520

118
Q

What are the 5 main risk factors for cancer?

A 
smoking
lack of fruit and veggies
physical inactivity
obesity
alcohol
119
Q

What is cancer?

A

abnormal and uncontrollable multiplication of cells that can lead to death

change in a cell that allows it to grow/divide when it shouldn’t

120
Q

What is a tumour?

A

aka neoplasm

mass of tissue that serves no physiological purpose

121
Q

What are the 2 types of tumours?

A

benign (non-cancerous)
mass of cells enclosed in a membrane that prevents their penetration of other tissues

malignant (cancerous)
tumour that has the ability to invade surrounding tissues

122
Q

What is metastasis?

A

spreading of cancer cells from one part of the body to another

123
Q

What is metastasizing?

A

travelling and seeding process of cancerous cells

124
Q

What is a primary tumour?

A

tumour in original location of the cancer

125
Q

What is a secondary tumour?

A

tumour in new locations as a result of metastases

126
Q

What are the types of cancers?

A

carcinomas
- arise from epithelia

sarcomas
- arise from connective and fibrous tissues

lymphomas
- cancers of lymph nodes

leukemia
- cancers of blood-forming cells

127
Q

What was the 5-year survival rate for all cancers from 2006-2008?

A

63%

128
Q

What percentage of men and women will have cancer at some point in their lives?

A

46% of men

41% of women

129
Q

What percentage of skin cancers could be prevented?

A

78%

130
Q

What percentage of lung cancers could be prevented?

A

85%

131
Q

How many lives per year do regular screenings and self-examinations have the potential to save?

A

100,000

132
Q

What is the incidence of lung cancer?

A

14% of all new cancer diagnoses
most common cause of cancer death in Canada (388 per week)
leading cause of cancer death in women

133
Q

What are the risk factors to lung cancer?

A

smoking

exposure to other carcinogens and environmental tobacco smoke

134
Q

What are the signs of lung cancer?

A

symptoms don’t typically appear until an invasive stage

persistent cough, chest pain, recurring bronchitis

135
Q

What are the treatments for lung cancer?

A

radiation

chemotherapy treatments

136
Q

What is the prevalence of colon/rectal cancer?

A

2nd leading cause of cancer death

137
Q

What are the risk factors for colon/rectal cancer?

A 
being 50+
heredity
inactivity/obesity
diets high in red meat, smoked foods, simple sugars
excessive alcohol consumption
smoking
138
Q

What are the symptoms of colon/rectal cancer?

A

bleeding from rectum

change in bowel habits

139
Q

How do you get tested for colon/rectal cancer?

A

stool blood test

sigmoidoscopy/colonoscopy

140
Q

What is the treatment for colon/rectal cancer?

A

surgery

141
Q

What is the prevalence of breast cancer?

A

most common cancer in women, rare in men

1/9 Canadian women will get it, 1/29 will die from it

142
Q

How many people will be diagnosed with breast cancer in the next year? How many people will die from breast cancer in the next year?

A

24600 diagnosed

5000 deaths

143
Q

What are the risk factors for breast cancer?

A 
genetics
early onset menstruation
late onset menopause
obesity
alcohol use
no children or first child after age 30
144
Q

What may be the unifying element of breast cancer risk factors?

A

estrogen levels

145
Q

What are the ways of detecting breast cancer?

A

mammogram
- low-dose x-ray of the breasts to check for early signs of breast cancer

self or clinical examinations

146
Q

What are the treatments for breast cancer?

A

surgery

new strategies:
new drugs which block effects of estrogen in some parts of the body (SERMS)

147
Q

What is the prevalence of prostate cancer?

A

most common cause of cancer in men

3rd leading cause of cancer death

148
Q

How many new prostate cancer diagnoses and deaths will occur each year?

A

23600 diagnoses

3900 deaths

149
Q

What are the risk factors for prostate cancer?

A 
age
genetics
high calorie diet, dairy, animal fats, low plant foods
obesity/inactivity
STI history
type 2 diabetes
150
Q

What are the signs of prostate cancer?

A

no early symptoms

changes in urinary frequency, weak/interrupted/painful urination, blood in urine

151
Q

How is prostate cancer detected?

A

digital rectal exam

prostate specific antigen (PSA) blood test

152
Q

How is prostate cancer treated?

A

“watchful waiting”
prostatectomy
- may results in incontinence or erectile dysfunction
radioactive seeds

153
Q

What are the main cancers of the female reproductive tract?

A 
cervical
uterine (endometrial)
ovarian
154
Q

How many people are diagnosed with/die of cervical cancer annually?

A

1400 diagnosed

380 deaths

155
Q

What is cervical cancer highly associated with?

A

STIs

156
Q

How is cervical cancer detected?

A

PAP tests

157
Q

What are the risk factors for uterine cancer?

A

age 55+

prolonged exposure to estrogen

158
Q

What is a protectant for uterine cancer?

A

oral contraceptives

159
Q

How is uterine cancer detected?

A

pelvic exam

160
Q

What are the signs of ovarian cancer?

A

often no warning signs

abdominal bloating, urinary urgency, pelvic pain

161
Q

What are the risk factors for ovarian cancer?

A

age
family history
high number of ovulations

162
Q

What is the prevalence of skin cancer?

A

most common cancer when cases of highly curable forms are included in the count

163
Q

How many occurrences of skin cancer are melanoma?

A

6000 out of every 81700 each year

164
Q

What is melanoma?

A

malignant skin tumour that arises from pigmented cells, usually a mole

165
Q

What are the risk factors of skin cancer?

A

excessive exposure to UV radiation (real or artificial)
severe childhood sunburns
moles
family history
spending time at high altitiudes
exposure to coal tar and other substances

166
Q

What are the types of skin cancer?

A

basal cells
- deepest layers of skin

squamous cells
- surface layers of skin

167
Q

How can skin cancer be prevented?

A

avoid overexposure to UV
use sunscreen
examine your skin regularly for changes or abnormalities

168
Q

What are the main causes of oral cancer?

A

cigarette/cigar/pipe smoking
chew
alcohol consumption

169
Q

How is oral cancer treated?

A

easy to detect, difficult to cure

radiation
surgery

170
Q

What parts of the body are included in oral cancer bracket?

A

lip
tongue
mouth
throat

171
Q

What is the prevalence of testicular cancer?

A

low incidence

most prevalent in men ages 15-19

172
Q

What are the risk factors for testicular cancer?

A

family history

undescended testicles

173
Q

How is testicular cancer treated?

A

surgical removal of testicles

chemotherapy

174
Q

What are some other types of cancers?

A 
pancreatic
bladder
kidney
brain
stomach
multiple myeloma
leukemia
lymphoma
175
Q

What are mutagens?

A

environmental factors that can cause mutation

affect genes that influence how cells behave

176
Q

What percentage of lung cancers can be attributed to tobacco use? What percentage of all cancer deaths can be attributed to tobacco use?

A

85% of lung cancers

30% of all cancer deaths

177
Q

What are bad dietary habits that play into cancer?

A 
fats
alcohol
fried food
refined sugar
meats
178
Q

What are good dietary habits in terms of preventing cancer?

A

fibre
fruits
veggies

179
Q

What are the 7 major warning signs of cancer?

A

CAUTION

Change in bowel/bladder habits
A sore that doesn't heal
Unusual bleeding/discharge
Thickening/lumps in the body
Indigestion/difficulty swallowing
Obvious change in wart or mole
Nagging cough or hoarseness
180
Q

What are some new experimental techniques for cancer treatment?

A 
gene therapy
bone marrow/stem cell transplants
proteasome inhibitors
biological therapies
anti-angiogenesis
enzyme activators/blockers
181
Q

What are the biological purposes of sleep?

A

conserve body energy

restore you physically and mentally

182
Q

How does sleep improve your physical health?

A

maintains immune system functioning
reduces CVD risk
contributes to healthy metabolism and weight

183
Q

How does sleep improve daily functioning?

A

contributes to neurological function

improves motor tasks

184
Q

How does sleep improve psychological health?

A

certain brain regions can only achieve a form of essential rest during sleep

reduces stress, worry, sadness

185
Q

What is circadian rhythm?

A

internal clock
regulated by the pineal gland
releases hormone melatonin to induce drowsiness

186
Q

What is the function of NREM sleep?

A

restorative
body temp and energy use decline
brain waves, HR, breathing slow down
digestive processes speed up

187
Q

What is the function of REM sleep?

A

energizing
dreaming occurs
most muscles are paralyzed except respiratory muscles and muscles of eyes

188
Q

How much sleep does an adult need?

A

7-8 hours
have lower mortality risk than under 7 or over 8
under 8 creates sleep debt

189
Q

What is sleep inertia?

A

cognitive impairment, grogginess, disoriented feeling

190
Q

What factors determine how much sleep one needs?

A

many factors

age, gender, physical activity, etc

191
Q

How can you take efficient naps?

A

no more than 30 minutes, early to mid afternoon

192
Q

What is infection?

A

an invasion of the body by microorganisms

193
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

microorganism that causes disease

194
Q

What are toxins?

A

poisonous substances

195
Q

What is a reservoir?

A

a natural environment in which a pathogen typically lives

196
Q

What are vectors?

A

insects, rodents, or any other organism that carries and transmits a pathogen from one host to another

197
Q

What is systemic infection?

A

invasion by a microorganism that spreads through the blood or lymphatic system to large portions of the body

198
Q

What is the immune system?

A

body’s collective physical and chemical defences against foreign organisms and pathogens

199
Q

What are the components of the immune system?

A 
tonsils and thymus
lymph nodes
vessels
bone marrow and white blood cells
spleen
200
Q

What is the chain of infection?

A

pathogen - reservoir - portal of exit - means of transmission - portal entry - new host

needs to be broken to prevent disease

201
Q

What are antibodies?

A

specialized proteins produced by white blood cells that can recognize and neutralize specific microbes

202
Q

What is an autoimmune disease?

A

immune system recognizes the person’s own cells as foreign and attacks them

203
Q

What are antigens?

A

markers on the surface of foreign substances that the immune system cells recognize as non-self and that trigger the immune response

lock and key

204
Q

What is the lymphatic system?

A

network of vessels and organs

spleen, lymph nodes, thymus, tonsils

205
Q

What is histamine?

A

chemical responsible for dilation and increased permeability of blood vessels in allergic reactions

206
Q

What is immunization?

A

process of conferring immunity to a pathogen by administering a vaccine

207
Q

What is a vaccine?

A

biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease

may conger active or passive immunity

208
Q

What is immunity?

A

specific mechanisms that defend the body against specific pathogens of infection

209
Q

What is acquired immunity?

A

the body’s ability to mobilize the cellular memory of an attack by a pathogen to throw off the subsequent attacks

acquired through vaccination and normal immune response

210
Q

What is active immunity?

A

immunity in a organism resulting from its own production of antibody or lymphocytes

211
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

can occur naturally
- maternal antibodies transferred to fetus through placenta

can be induced artificially
- high levels of antibodies specific to a pathogen

212
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

immunity or resistance to a particular infection that occurs in a group of people/animals when a very high percentage of individuals have been vaccinated or previously exposed to the infection

213
Q

What are allergies?

A

disorder caused by the body’s response to foreign chemicals and proteins

results from hyper-sensitive and over-active immune system

214
Q

What is the cause of most allergic reactions?

A

production of immunoglobulin, special type of antibody

215
Q

What are allergens?

A

substances that trigger an allergic reaction

216
Q

What are the ways to deal with allergies?

A

avoidance
medication
immunotherapy

217
Q

What are some common allergens?

A 
pollen
animal dander
dust mites
moulds/mildews
foods
insect stings
218
Q

What is anaphylaxis?

A

severe systemic hypersensitive reaction to an allergen

difficulty breathing, low BP, heart arrhythmia, seizure, death

219
Q

What percentage of yearly deaths are due to worldwide infectious diseases?

A

25%

220
Q

What are the top 5 most prevalent diseases?

A 
pneumonia
HIV/AIDS
diarrheal diseases
tuberculosis
malaria
221
Q

How many deaths per year are attributed to pneumonia?

A

3 884 000

222
Q

How many deaths per year are attributed to HIV/AIDS?

A

2 777 000

223
Q

How many deaths per year are attributed to diarrheal diseases?

A

1 798 000

224
Q

How many deaths per year are attributed to tuberculosis?

A

1 300 000 - 2 000 000

225
Q

How many deaths per year are attributed to malaria?

A

1 272 000

226
Q

What is bacteria?

A

microscopic, single-celled organisms

227
Q

What are antibiotics?

A

naturally occurring and synthetic substances that kill bacteria

interrupt production of new bacteria by damaging some part of their reproductive cycle or by causing fault parts of new bacteria to be made

228
Q

What is antibiotic resistance?

A

when antibiotics are misused or overused and pathogens become resistant to their effects

229
Q

How can you prevent antibiotic resistance?

A

don’t take antibiotics every time you are sick
use as directed and finish the full course
never take without prescription

230
Q

What are viruses?

A

small infectious agents composed of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat

lack all enzymes essential to normal animal cells so can’t grow/reproduce themselves, have to take what they need from the cells they invade

231
Q

What is acute rhinitis?

A

common cold

cause any of 200+ viruses that attack the lining of the nasal passages

232
Q

What is influenza?

A

flu

infection of the respiratory tract

233
Q

What is viral encepthalitis?

A

inflammation of brain tissue

234
Q

What is viral hepatitis?

A

inflammation of liver

235
Q

What is poliomyelitis?

A

causes irreversible damage to the nervous system

can cause paralysis and death

236
Q

What is rabies?

A

an infection of the CNS

237
Q

What is HPV?

A

human papillomavirus

many types, cause of warts

238
Q

What are antiviral drugs?

A

drugs that interfere with some part of the viral life cycle

239
Q

What are fungi?

A

organisms that absorb food from organic matter

can be multicellular (moulds)

or unicellular (yeasts)

240
Q

What are protozoa?

A

single-celled organisms that often produce recurrent, cyclical attacks of disease

ex. malaria

241
Q

What are parasitic worms?

A

pathogens that cause intestinal and other infections

largest organisms that can enter the body to cause infection

ex. tapeworms, hookworms, pinworms

242
Q

What are emerging infectious diseases?

A

infections whose incidence in humans has increased or threatens to increase in the near future

ex. West Nile, Ebola, SARA

243
Q

What are the factors that influence emerging infectious diseases?

A 
drug resistance
poverty
travel and commerce
breakdown of public health measures
human behaviours
bioterrorism
mass food production and distribution
244
Q

How can you support your immune system?

A 
eat a balanced diet
get enough sleep
exercise
don't smoke/drink
wash hands
Vitamin D
245
Q

What are white blood cells?

A

carry out immune response

produced in bone marrow

246
Q

What is senescence?

A

biological process of aging

247
Q

What are the 3 types of death, in order?

A

clinical death, brain death, cellular death

248
Q

What is clinical death?

A

cessation of blood circulation and breathing

2 necessary criteria to sustain life

249
Q

What is brain death?

A

once a patient’s whole brain no longer functions and can’t function again (within 6 minutes)

250
Q

What is cellular death?

A

degeneration of tissues of the brain and other parts

aka biological death

251
Q

How do children come to understand death?

A

understanding increases between the ages of 6 and 9

understand that it is final, universal, and inevitable

252
Q

What are the components of death?

A

universality
irreversibility
non-functionality
causality

253
Q

What are the options for end of life care?

A

home care
hospital care
hospice care

254
Q

What percentage of deaths are declared in hospital?

A

70%

255
Q

What is middle knowledge?

A

when a person acknowledges the reality of a threatening situation and maintains hope for a positive outcome

256
Q

What are the 5 psychological stages one goes through when becoming aware of an imminent death?

A 
denial
anger
bargaining
depression
acceptance
257
Q

What are the 4 primary dimension of coping?

A

physical
psychological
social
spiritual

KP231 (2 decks)

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