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Social Psychology > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What would people need to do when persuaded?

A

Give up old habits, give up strong preferences, adjust their daily routine

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2
Q

What are the 2 routes to persuasion?

A

The elaboration likelihood model (central root)

Heuristic systematic model

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3
Q

When does the central root to persuasion occur?

A

When people think carefully and deliberately about the content of a persuasive message. They bring relevant info of their own to the process of evaluating the message

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4
Q

When does the heuristic systematic model process of persuasion occur?

A

When people attend to peripheral aspects of the message. Easy to process features

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5
Q

Which 2 factors determines which processing we will use?

A
  1. Motivation

2. Ability

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6
Q

When both motivation and ability are present, which persuasion root is taken?

A

Central

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7
Q

If motivation or ability is lacking, which persuasion root is taken?

A

Peripheral

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8
Q

For long lasting attitude change, which persuasion root is preferable?

A

Central

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9
Q

What are the 3 A’s for persuasion?

A

Who - the source of message
What - content of message
Whom - intended audience of message

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10
Q

What is the sleeper effect?

A

Messages from unreliable sources exert little influence initially but over time have the potential to shift people’s attitudes (because over time people disassociate the source of the message from the content)

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11
Q

In terms of certainty, what persuades people most?

A

People generally judge certain and confident sources to be more credible

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12
Q

True or false - vivid but misleading info can often outdo more valid and relevant info that isn’t as flashy

A

TRUE

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13
Q

How does fear factor into persuasion?

A

Intense fear could disrupt the careful, thoughtful processing of the message, reducing the chances of long-lasting attitude change.

But on the other hand, fear might heighten people’s motivation to attend to the message, increasing the likelihood of attitude change.

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14
Q

Which ages are easier to persuade?

A

Younger people

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15
Q

What is Third-person effect?

A

The assumption that others are more prone to being influenced by persuasive messages than they themselves are

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16
Q

If commercials don’t actually make people go buy their products, why do companies spend money on ads?

A

Ads can have very desirable, indirect effect - they increase product awareness, loyalty, and positive feelings about the product, which may then influence purchasing behaviour down the line

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17
Q

When participants listen to music while nodding or shaking their heads, what is the idea behind why that affects attitudes?

A

They are peripheral cues. And bodily movements can signal varying degrees of thought confidence, it’s this thought confidence that determines whether or not persuasion occurs

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18
Q

We know that most political ads are not very significantly correlated with their success in elections, what makes a political ad influential?

A

Exquisite timing and resonance with the public’s mood

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19
Q

What should politicians in office vs. Politicians running hope is in the news?

A

In office ones should hope news focuses on things going well, while ones running should hope media focuses on things that aren’t going well

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20
Q

What’s the difference between selective attention and selective evaluation?

A

Attention: attend selectively to info that confirms our original attitudes

Evaluation: looking favourably on material that agree with our point of view and critically on info that contradicts it

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21
Q

What is Thought Polarization Hypothesis?

A

The hypothesis that more extended thought about an issue tends to produce a more extreme, entrenched attitude

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22
Q

What is homophily?

A

Tendency for people to associate disproportionately with people who are like them
Ex: you are 40% more likely to suffer from obesity if a family member of friend is obese

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23
Q

What are 2 reasons for mimicry?

A
  1. Ideomotor action (just thinking about a behaviour makes it more likely)
  2. To prepare for interacting with them
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24
Q

What is informational social influence? (How people conform consciously)

A

People rely on others comments and actions as an indication of what’s likely to be correct, proper, or effective

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25
Q

In the study with 3 lines, why did people conform to the wrong answer 3/4 of the time?

A

The desire to avoid being criticized, disapproved or shunned (Normative Social Influence)

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26
Q

When does group size stop affecting conformity levels?

A

Larger groups exert more influence but the effect of the group size levels off quickly at a group size of 3-4

27
Q

In the Asch experiment (3 lines), what happens when the participant has an ally?

A

Conformity drops down to 5% (weakens social influence)

28
Q

What is informational social influence?

A

We don’t just mimic others, we actually adopt their perspectives

29
Q

In terms of how important expertise is to conformity, in an experiment of problem solving, what happens when the pilot, navigator or lowly gunner, gave the right answer?

A

Pilot: conform 91%
Navigator: 80%
Gunner: 63%

30
Q

Which type of culture would conform more?

A

Interdependent as they’re more concerned about their relationships with others and fitting in

31
Q

In terms of gender conformity, when do men and women conform most?

A

Women conform more in stereotypically male domains and vice versa for men.
Women tend to conform more than men but only slightly.

32
Q

What is the door-in-the-face technique?

A

You first ask for a big request (they’ll obvs say no) and then you follow up with a smaller one (which is what you actually wanted)

Has to the made my the same person both times

33
Q

What’s the That’s-not-all technique?

A

When u ask a store clerk how much a tv costs… “$1299 and it comes with 3-year warranty” ….. but that’s not all, also a free DVD player included!
The add on makes u feel like the store is gifting you

34
Q

What is the foot-in-the-door technique?

A

Start with small request, then follow with a larger one.

Ex. Mail, while you’re there, can you water my garden

35
Q

What is a reason based approach at compliance? And what does it aim towards?

A

Norm of reciprocity whereby people are expected to benefit those who benefit them. Aims that the head.

36
Q

How do moods affect compliance?

A

Positive: people feel more charitable, more likely to agree
Negative: when people feel guilty, they want to do anything to help so they could feel better about themselves. Help others to help ourselves

37
Q

Which approach aims at the heart and the head?

A

Norm based approaches (telling people that others are doing this to help the public good so you’re more likely to also)

38
Q

What are descriptive and prescriptive norms?

A

Descriptive: what is typically done
Prescriptive: what should be done

Ex. Uni students should get 8 hours of sleep (prescriptive), but most sleep less (descriptive)

39
Q

Is saying “isn’t it a shame that so many don’t vote in elections” a good way to make more people vote?

A

No. Saying that could make less people vote

40
Q

In the milgram experiment, what happens when the learner is more and more present?

A

The more present, the harder it is to deliver shocks (the more removed we are, the easier it is to hurt them)

41
Q

In the milgram exp, what happened when the experimenter was either removed or lost authority figure?

A

Easier for participants to defy him; less obedience

42
Q

In study when monkeys were raised without contact from other monkeys, other than 2 props, which prop monkey did they go to?

A

The monkeys preferred the fake mother who could provide comfort over the one who could provide food.

43
Q

True or false - suicide rates are higher for single and divorced people

A

True

44
Q

What is a communal relationship?

A

The individuals feel a special responsibility for one another and expect it to be long-term. Mostly between friends and family.

45
Q

What is an exchange relationship?

A

Trade-based, short term, no special responsibility. Governed by concerns of equity.
Often with salespeople or supervisors

46
Q

How could you get someone to like you? Why does this work?

A

Reward them. Because people tend to gravitate towards people who provide them with rewards

47
Q

In terms of comparison levels for alternatives, why might a person choose to stay in an abusive relationship?

A

People have low comparison levels, meaning they don’t believe that can get a better outcome from an alternative relationship

48
Q

In Ainsworth’s study, infants whose caregivers responded quickly and reliably to their distress cries tended to be ______ attached.

A

Securely

49
Q

In Ainsworth study, Caregivers who were not as reliable in their responses tended to have infants who showed ____ attachment

A

Anxious

50
Q

In Ainsworth study, caregivers who rejected their infants frequently produced a _____ attachment

A

Avoidant

51
Q

Do people have only 1 attachment style in all relationships? Refer to Baldwin study.

A

No, in Baldwin’s study, we see that a50% of participants characterized themselves as having all 3 attachment styles across their 10 relationships.

52
Q

In a study where the participants were showed unfamiliar words a number of times, when the word appeared more frequently, what did the participants assume about the word?

A

That the word refers to something good

53
Q

Why did rats prefer the music they were used to?

A

Easier to perceive and cognitively process familiar stimuli

54
Q

When is it true that opposites attract?

A

Only when those traits for which one person’s needs can be met by the other
(Ex. Someone who is dependent can have their needs taken care of by someone who is nurturing)

55
Q

What is the halo effect?

A

Belief that people who are appealing to look at have a host of positive qualities beyond their physical appearance

56
Q

What are the only negative inference people have about attractive people?

A

They are immodest, and are less likely to be good parents. Seen as vain and materialistic.

57
Q

Why do we steer clear of people who had unusual facial features?

A

We prefer people who’s features signify health and reproductive fitness, to ensure that our genes can get passed down

58
Q

Which 2 features signify health and reproductive fitness?

A

Averageness, and bilateral symmetry

59
Q

What do men want? What do women want? In terms of partners.

A

Men want youth. Women want a man with resources.

60
Q

Women’s preferences change depending on their menstrual cycle. What do woman want near ovulation? Generally?

A

Near ovulation: more masculinized face

Generally: more feminized faces

61
Q

Describe Companionate, Compassionate, and Romantic love.

A

Companionate: friends and family, people we trust and like to be around

Compassionate: bonds that focus on monitoring the needs of the other (like mother and child)

Romantic (passionate): intense emotion and sexual desire

62
Q

How can stronger romantic bonds be created?

A

Capitalize on the good - share with ur partner what’s good
Being Playful - engage in fun activities together
Looking on the Bright Side - idealize your partner

63
Q

How can we reduce stereotypes?

A

There needs to be contact between groups and encourage 1-1 contact

64
Q

What is social loafing?

A

The tendency to exert less effort when working on a group task in which individual contributions can not be monitored

Social Psychology (2 decks)

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