midterm 2 key concepts

Question 1

MAP=

Answer 1

CP x SVR

Question 2

CO=

Answer 2

SV x HR

Question 3

P wave

Answer 3

atrial contraction & depolarization

Question 4

QRS complex

Answer 4

repolarizes atria & depolarizes ventricles

Question 5

T wave

Answer 5

ventricles repolarize

Question 6

pressure volume loop (bottom left to right) (8)

Answer 6

1) mitral valve opens
2) diastolic filling
3) mitral valve closes
4) isovolumetric contraction
5) aortic valve opne
6) ejection
7) aortic valve closes
8) isovolumetric relaxation

Question 7

normal SV vs increased vs decreased preload volumes

Answer 7

normal= 70mL
increased preload=100
decreased preload= 50 ml

Question 8

pathway of blood throughout heart

Answer 8

deoxygenated blood: systemic circulation -> right atrium -> right ventricle -> pulmonary artery -> lungs

oxygenated blood: left atria -> left ventricle -> aorta -> systemic circulation

Question 9

pathway of blood throughout cardiovascular system

Answer 9

deoxygenated: systemic veins -> vena cava -> right heart pulmonary trunk lungs

oxygenated: pulmonary vein -> left heart-> systemic arteries

Question 10

Ach: what nerve type, what receptors, pre/post ganglionic nerves

Answer 10

cholenergic
1) nicotinic (pre)- activates SNS/PNS
2) muscarinic (post)- decrease HR

Question 11

NE/EPI: what nerve type, what receptors, pre/post ganglionic nerves, effects

Answer 11

adrenergic, released from adrenals, post ganglionic

B1:heart
B2: heart & blood vessels
A1: vasoconstriction
A2: vasoconstriction + decreased NE

Question 12

mucous cells- secretes, stimulated, causes

Answer 12

secretes alkaline mucous, stimulated by contents, protection

Question 13

chief cells- secretes, stimulated, causes

Answer 13

secretes pepsinogen, stimulated by Ach & gastrin, start protein digestion

Question 14

parietal cells- secretes, stimulated, causes

Answer 14

secretes HCI + intrinsic factor, stimulated by Ach, gastrin & histamine, activates pepsinogen, kills microorganisms, absorbs vitamin B12

Question 15

ECL cells- secretes, stimulated, causes

Answer 15

secretes histamine, stimulated by protein & Ach, stimulates parietal cells

Question 16

G cells- secretes, stimulated, causes

Answer 16

secretes gastrin, stimulated by protein & Ach, stimulates parietal, chief & ECL cells

Question 17

D cells- secretes, stimulated, causes

Answer 17

secretes somatosatin, stimulated by acid, inhibits parietal, G & ECL cells

Question 18

endocrine cells vs exocrine cells list

Answer 18

exocrine- mucous cells, chief cells, parietal cells
endocrine- ECL, G & D cells

Question 19

proteolytic enzymes

Answer 19

secreted in inactive form, breaks down proteins into small peptides

Question 20

pancreatic amylase

Answer 20

breaks polysaccharides into disaccharides, primary enzyme for starch digestion, does not need to be activated

Question 21

pancreatic lipase

Answer 21

breaks triglycerides into 1 monoglyceride & 2 fatty acids, only enzyme that break down lipids

Question 22

pancreatic juice

Answer 22

produced from duct & acinar cell, is alkaline aqueous solution

Question 23

secretin

Answer 23

released from duodenum in response to low pH, stimulates release of NaHCO3

Question 24

CCK

Answer 24

released from duodenum in response to fats & protein, stimulates release of acinar cell products to help digestion

Question 25

endocrine glands secretions

Answer 25

insulin & glucagon

Question 26

exocrine gland secretions

Answer 26

acinar & duct cell secretions

Question 27

acinar cell secretions

Answer 27

digestive enzymes

Question 28

duct cell secretions

Answer 28

H2O & NaHCO3

Question 29

S1 VS S2 heart sounds

Answer 29

S1- closure of mitral & tricuspid valves at beginning of isovolumetric contraction
S2- closure of aortic & pulmonic valves at beginning of isovolumetric relaxation

Question 30

systole vs diastole

Answer 30

systole- contractions
diastole- relaxations