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Psychology 233 > Midterm 3 > Flashcards

Midterm 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Three Premises of Evolutionary Psychology

A
  1. Domain Specificity
  2. Numerousness
  3. Functionality
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2
Q

Domain Specificity

A
  • adaptions are designed through evolution to solve a particular adaptive problem (IE- taste preference for calorie rich foods)
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3
Q

Numerousness

A
  • we have a lot of domain-specific psychological adaptations because we have lots of distinct adaptive problems that we recurrently confrong
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4
Q

Functionality

A
  • the notion that our psychological mechanisms are designed to accomplish particular adaptive goals
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5
Q

Coolidge Effect

A
  • males and females both have the desire to mate, but for different reasons/ drives
  • females look for a mate that can provide and protect
  • males look to spread their genetic material
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6
Q

Criticisms of Evolutionary Psychology

A
  • not falsifiable: cannot go back in time and determine with absolute certainty what the precise selective forces on humans has been
  • can be used for racial discrimination
  • can be used to support sexism
  • biological determinism: using past to determine the future
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7
Q

Contributions of Evolutionary Psychology

A
  • scientific framework to study human social behaviour

- social-biology has important heuristic value

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8
Q

Gener Difference in Jealousy

A
  • men & women differ in the weight they give to cues that trigger jealousy
    Women: predicted to become more jealous in response to cues of the long-term diversion of a mates commitment (emotional cheating).
  • jeopardizes stability as the male’s time, resources, protection and commitment may become divided between different mates
    Men: predicted to become more jealous in response to cues of sexual-infidelity.
  • brings into question the paternity of offspring
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9
Q

Young Male Aggression Syndrome

A
  • competition for scare resources as a cause of male to male aggression
  • men are more often perpetrators of violence because they are the products of a long history of EFFECTIVE POLYGYNY
  • intra-sexual competition for females or social statuses and resources that attract females
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10
Q

Effective Polygyny

A
  • there is a considerable sex difference in minimum obligatory parental involvement/ investment
  • Females will have few off spring
  • Some men will have many, some will have none
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11
Q

Fundamental Assumptions of Freud

A
  1. Psychic Determinism
  2. Unconscious Motivation
  3. Basic Instincts: Sex & Aggression
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12
Q

Psychic Determinism

A
  • nothing happens by change or accident, there is a reason behind every act, thought and feeling which is an expression of the mind
  • motivating reasons can be discovered if the contents of the unconscious can be examined
  • most symptoms of mental illness are caused by unconscious motivations
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13
Q

Unconscious Motivation

A
  • the human mind consists of 3 parts; the conscious, preconscious & unconsciouw
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14
Q

Conscious Mind

A

Contains the thoughts, feelings & perceptions that you are presently aware of

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15
Q

Preconscious Mind

A

Any piece of info that your are not presently thinking about, but that could be easily retrieved and made conscious

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16
Q

Unconscious Mind

A

Largest part of the mind
Unacceptable info is hidden from conscious mind
These thoughts, memories or feelings may be so troubling as to cause anxiety, many may stem from childhood

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17
Q

Basic Instinct: Sex & Aggression

A
  • instincts are strong innate forces that provide all the energy in the psychic system
  • initially thought the 2 instincts were sexual and self-preservation –> changed post WWI with development of the death instinct
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18
Q

Libido

A

Life instinct, generally considered sexual, but also referred to any need-satisfying, life-substaining or pleasure-orientated urges

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19
Q

Thantos

A

Death instinct, humans have a fundamental instinct towards destruction which often manifests as aggression towards others. Any urge to destroy, harm or aggress against others or oneself

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20
Q

Topographic Model

A

Freud’s model of three regions of the mind; conscious, preconscious and unconscious

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21
Q

Structural Model

A
  • describes how people cope with their sexual and aggressive instincts within the constrains of a civilized society
  • sexual and aggressive instincts often lead to drives and urges that conflict with society and reality
  • ID, Ego, Superego
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22
Q

ID

A

-something we are born with which is the source of all drives and urges
operates according to the PLEASURE PRINCIPLE, and therefore does not listen to reason, follow logic or have values/morals
- cannot tolerate any delays in satisfying its urges –> during infancy ID dominates
- also operates with PRIMARY PROCESS THINKING
- if an urge requires an external object/person which is unavailable the id may create a mental image or fantasy to satisfy it (WISH FULFILLMENT), but only works temporarily

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23
Q

Pleasure Principle

A

the desire for immediate gradification

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24
Q

Primary Process Thinking

A

thinking without logical rules of conscious thought or an anchor in reality
- Dreams and fantasies are examples of this

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25
Q

Ego

A
  • the part of the mind that constrains the id to reality
  • development within the first 2-3 years
  • operates according to the REALITY PRINCIPLE
  • ego understands that the actions of the id can lead to problems and that direct expressions of id impulses must be avoided, redirected or postponed
  • ego works to postpone the discharge of id urges until an appropriate situation arises
  • engages in SECONDARY PROCESS THINKING
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26
Q

Reality Principle

A

the ego understands that the urges of the id are often in conflict with social and physical reality

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27
Q

Secondary Process Thinking

A
  • the development of strategies for solving problems and obtaining satisfaction
  • this process often involves taking into account the constraints of physical reality about when and how to express a desire or urge
  • there may be some desires or urges that will always be unacceptable (morally or socially)
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28
Q

Superego

A
  • develops around age 5
  • the part of the mind that internalizes the values, morals and ideals of society
  • usually instilled in children by parents, school and organized religion
  • Freud emphasized parents role in superego development
  • the part of our personality that makes us feel guilty, ashamed or embarrassed (doing something wrong)/ pride (doing something right)
  • determines what is right or wrong
  • sets moral goals and ideals of perfection, source of judgement of good/bad
  • not bound by reality so standards for virtue and self worth may be unrealistic or harsh
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29
Q

Interaction of Structural Model

A
  • the id, ego and superego are in constant interaction
  • they have different goals which provokes internal conflicts
  • anxiety acts as a single that the control of the ego is being threatened by reality, by id impulses, or by harsh controls exerted by the superego
  • a person who’s desires are in conflict with reality or with internalized morals will appear more anxious in such a situation
  • a well balanced mind is one free from anxiety, achieved by having a strong superego
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30
Q

Objective Anxiety

A
  • fear, occurs in response to real, external threats to a person
  • control of the ego is being threatened by an external factor rather than an internal conflict
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31
Q

Neurotic Anxiety

A
  • occurs when there is a direct conflict between the id and the ego
  • danger that the ego may loose control over an acceptable desire of the id
  • IE woman becomes anxious whenever she is sexually attracted to someone
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32
Q

Moral Anxiety

A
  • caused by a conflict between the ego and the superego
  • person who feels chronic shame or feelings of guilt over not living up to ‘proper’ standards, even though the standards may not be attainable
  • can be expressed in dreams
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33
Q

Defense Mechanisms

A
  • serves two functions:
    1. protect the ego
    2. minimize anxiety and distress
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34
Q

Repression

A
  • the process of preventing unacceptable thoughts, feelings, or urges from reaching the conscious awareness
  • a person avoid the anxiety that would arise if the unacceptable material were made conscious
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35
Q

Denial

A
  • keeping an experience out of memory
  • a person in denial insists that things are not the way they seem, refusing to see the facts
  • fundamental attribution error
  • shows up in daydreams and fantasies of how things could have been
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36
Q

Displacement

A
  • a threatening or unacceptable impulse is channeled or redirected from its original source to a non-threatening target
  • can also involve sexual urges that are redirected from a less acceptable to a more acceptable target
  • this does not occur deliberately
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37
Q

Rationalization

A
  • generating acceptable reasons for outcomes that might other wise appear socially unacceptable
  • the goal is to reduce anxiety by coming up with an explanation for an event that is easier to accept than the real reason
38
Q

Reaction Formation

A
  • an attempt to stifle the expression of an unacceptable urge
  • a person may continually display a flurry of behaviour that indicates the opposite
  • IE killing someone with kindness
39
Q

Projection

A
  • based on the notion that sometimes we see in others the traits and desires we find most upsetting in ourselves
  • we literally project our own unacceptable qualities onto others
  • FALSE CONSENSUS EFFECT
40
Q

Sublimation

A
  • the most adaptive defense mechanism
  • the channeling of unacceptable sexual or aggressive instincts into socially desirable activities
  • people’s choice of careers can sometimes be an example of this
  • allows for some limited expression of id tendencies
41
Q

False Consensus Effect

A
  • the tendency many people have to assume that others are similar to them
42
Q

Defense Mechanisms Becoming a Problem

A
  • a defense mechanism is becoming a problem if it inhibits your ability to be productive or if it begins limiting the ability to maintain relationships
43
Q

Psychosexual Stages

A
  • all people pass through a set series of stages in personality development
  • each stage involves a conflict and how the person resolves a conflict gives rise to various aspects of their personality
  • failure to fully resolve a conflict in a particular stage may cause a child to become FIXATED
44
Q

Oral Stage

A
  • birth to 18 months
  • source of pleasure and tension reduction is the mouth, lips and tongue
  • main conflict occurs during weaning
  • ID wants immediate gratification associated with taking in nourishment and obtaining pleasure through the mouth
  • psychologically, the conflict is one of excessive pleasure vs. dependency, fear of being left to fend for oneself
  • fixation may manifest as nail biting, pen chewing etc as an adult
  • psychologically fixation may manifest as being overly dependent, drug addictions
45
Q

Anal Stage

A
  • 18 months to 3 years
  • anal sphincter is the source of sexual pleasure, child obtains pleasure from first expelling feces, then during toilet training by retaining them
  • ID desires immediate tension reduction whenever there is pressure in the rectum, which is achieved by expelling feces
  • parents work to instil a degree of self-control through toilet training
  • many conflicts arise around this issue of a child’s ability to achieve self-control
  • too little self-control = adults that are sloppy and dirty
  • too much self-control = adults who take pleasure in little acts of self-control (compulsive, overly neat, ridgid are adults who are fixated in the anal stage)
46
Q

Phallic Stage

A
  • 3 to 5 years
  • child discovers that he has (or she does not have) a penis
  • discovery and realization that some pleasure can be derived from touching them
  • awakening of sexual desires, first directed at parent of opposite sex
  • main conflict is the OEDIPAL CONFLICT
  • CASTRATION ANXIETY, PENIS ENVY, ELECTRA COMPLEX
47
Q

Oedipal Conflict

A
  • the unconscious wish to have mother to himself by eliminating his father, but killing or beating father is wrong
  • child loves, but is competing with parent of same sex
  • coincided with development of superego
48
Q

Castration Anxiety

A

-boy fears father, believes their father will make a pre-emptive strike by removing the root of the conflict -> the boys’ penis

49
Q

Penis Envy

A
  • counterpart of castration anxiety

- no fear of mother so there is not a strong motivation to give up desire

50
Q

Latency Stage

A
  • 6 years to puberty
  • little psychological development
  • period when child is going to school and learning the skills and abilities necessary to take on the role of an adult
  • lack of specific sexual conflict b/c it is a period of psychological rest according to Freud
  • ends with the sexual awakening brought on by puberty
51
Q

Genital Stage

A
  • puberty- adult
  • libido is focused on the genitalia,but in a different manner than the phallic stage
  • this stage is not accompanied by a specific conflict
  • people reach the genital stage only if they have resolved the conflicts of prior stages
  • adult personality is largely dependent on how conflicts of oral and anal stages are resolved, personalities are in part shaped by how we individually solve conflicts
52
Q

Dream Work

A
  • the purpose of dreaming is to satisfy and fulfill unconscious wishes and desires within the protection of sleep
  • dreams contain wishes and desires in distinguished forms
  • the direct expression of wishes/desires would be disturbing and wake the dreamer -> ego disguises dream content and satisfies the ID
53
Q

Dream Analysis

A

A technique Freud taught for uncovering the unconscious material in a dream by interpreting the dreams content -> manifest and latent content

54
Q

Manifest Content

A

what the dream actually contains

55
Q

Latent Content

A

what the elements of the dream represent

56
Q

Functions of Dreams

A
  1. Allows for wish fulfillment and gratification of desires, even if only in symbolic form
  2. Dreams provide a safety valve by allowing a person to release unconscious tension through expression of deepest desires in disguised forms
  3. Dreams are gaurdians of sleep, tension is being released but no anxiety is being aroused
57
Q

Dream Condensation

A

several ideas are compressed into one to make them less threatening

58
Q

Dream Mechanisms of Opposites

A

dreaming the opposite of what you fear

59
Q

Dream Secondary Elaborations

A

The filling out of the content of a dream to make it somewhat sensible

60
Q

Dream Symbolization

A

The transformation of unacceptable latent dreams (id impulses) into non-threatening symbols

61
Q

Hobson’s AIM Model

A

A: Overall activity of brain/mind
I: Information source (internal/external)
M: Modulation (strength of brain chemicals)/ Memory (how info is stored)
-Waking = high activation, high external input, high modulation/memory
- REM = high activation, low external input, low modulation/memory
- hypothesizes that dreams result from brain activity during REM
- primary consciousness and secondary consciousness

62
Q

Fischer & Greenberg’s Evaluation of Oedipus Complex

A
  • manifest meaning is useless
  • latent is a vague concept
  • free association is an unreliable method of uncovering this content
  • the idea of dreams as venting of psychic distress is not a major explanation but can be used for highlighting issues in your life, problem solving and creativity
63
Q

Projection Hypothesis

A
  • assumption that responses to ambiguous stimuli are reflections of unconscious needs, conflicts and motives
  • the idea that what a person sees in an ambiguous figure reflects their own personality
  • people are thought to project their own personalities into what they report seeing in ambiguous stimulus
  • often criticized for the scant scientific evidence as to its validity and reliability
64
Q

Rorschach Scoring

A
  • projection hypothesis
  • Location -> where is the response in the ink blot (suggest ability to think conceptually)
  • Determinants (indicates psychological activity)
  • Content (subject matter)
65
Q

Erikson Psychosocial Crisis

A
  • believed that the crises experienced in developmental stages were of a social nature, rather than a sexual nature
  • relationship crises
  • people go through stages in a certain order and there are specific issues that characterize each stage
  • a period when some interpersonal issues being dealt with, and both growth potential and vulnerability are high
66
Q

Identity Achievement

A

People pass through a period of IDENTITY CRISIS where they do not have a strong sense of who they really are
In resolving the identity crisis some people develop a negative identity, where their identity is founded on undesirable social roles (street gange)
Identity is something that must be achieved and if it is not, but rather is handed to them then their identity is likely to be shallow or changable
IE- person being groomed to take over a company and not given a chance/choice to develop their own identity

67
Q

Identity Foreclosure

A

If a person does not have a crisis, or if they form an identity without exploring alternative, such as accepting the values of their parents

68
Q

Moratorium

A

Taking time to explore options before making a commitment to an identity
IE-college people can change majors, social groups, sexual preferences

69
Q

Identity Diffusion

A

Part of the process of identity achievement

Refers to a period where a person does not have an established identity but is not actively seeking one

70
Q

Two Criticisms of Erikson

A
  • lacks empirical evidence

- supports fitting into conservative social norms/roles

71
Q

Two Contributions of Erikson

A
  • broadened the scope of psychoanalytical theory

- emphasis of social conflicts rather than sexual conflicts

72
Q

Trust vs. Mistrust

A
  • When children are born they are completely dependent on parents
  • If children are well taken care of and their basic needs are met they will develop a sense of trust in their caretakers which forms the basis of future relationships
  • if infants are not well taken care of they may develop the sense that others are not to be trusted and may develop lifelong patters of mistrust in others, suspiciousness, feelings of estrangement, isolation or socia discomfort around others
73
Q

Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt

A
  • 2 years old
  • When a child feels a sense of control and mastery over things and develops self-confidence and a sense of autonomy to explore and learn
  • if parents inhibit such autonomy by being too strict,restrictive, or punishing when the child is independent then the child ma come to feel shame and doubt over their goals
  • over protective parents can hinder a child’s natural urge to explore and encounter life events
74
Q

Initiative vs. Guilt

A
  • 3 years old
  • often imitate adults and receive their first practice in adult tasks during play
  • when children play they practice learning how to work together, follow leaders and resolve disputes
  • if this goes well children will develop a sense of initiative which will translate into ambition and goal seeking
  • if this goes poorly children become resign to failure or do not even take the initiative to pursue goals
75
Q

Industry vs. Inferiority

A
  • 4 years old
  • children begin comparing themselves to each other
  • many develop a sense of competence and achievement
  • if people have enough successful experiences then they believe in their strength and abilities and assume that if they work hard enough to achieve their goals they can -> a sense of industry
  • This sense of industry, feeling as if they can achieve what they want sets children on their way to becoming productive members of society
  • however, with enough failed experiences children may develop a sense of inferiority, feeling like they dont have talent or ability to get ahead in life
76
Q

Identity vs. Role Confusion

A
  • adolescence
  • identity achievement is one of the most important goals of development
  • most people pass through a period of identity confusion and can sometimes develop a negative identity
  • identity foreclosure is also possible, where you assume another’s identity (parents) without having an identity crisis
  • moratorium is a period where you can explore possible identities
77
Q

Intimacy vs. Isolation

A
  • connecting with others, both in terms of friendships and intimate relationships
  • people at this stage appear to need to develop relationships that are mutually satisfying and intimate -> in these relationships people grow emotionally and develop into caring, nurturing and providing adults
  • Isolation is the result of a failure to find or maintain intimacy, and failing to do so is often a serious impairment to one’s happiness and life satisfaction
78
Q

Generatively vs. Stagnation

A
  • adult years
  • the main question concerns whether or not the person has generated something that he or she really cares about in life
  • crisis at this stage is that when people step back and look at their adult years they might get the feeling that they have done nothing, stagnation
79
Q

Integrity vs. Despair

A
  • end of life
  • occurs when we let go of the generative role (retirement, empty nest)
  • start the process of withdrawing from life, pulling back from our adult roles and preparing to face death
  • look back on lives and pass judgement -> if satisfaction is found in life’s accomplishment then we can face the inevitability of our passing with a measure of integrity
80
Q

Criticisms of Penis Envy

A

Karen Horney:

  • the penis is a symbol of social power, rather than an organ women actually desire to have
  • girls realize at a young age that they are being denied social power because of their gender
  • girls do not have a secret desire to become boys, but rather they desire the social power and preferences given to boys in the culture at that time
  • many gender roles were defined by culture
81
Q

Jung: Archetypes

A

Aspects of the world that people have an inherent tendency to notice or percieve

82
Q

Principle of Opposites

A

The idea that life consists of polarities that oppose and balance each other
IE- thinking/feeling, sensation/intuition

83
Q

Thinking

A

connecting ideas together to arrive at a general concept

84
Q

Feeling

A

either accepting or rejecting an idea on the basis of whether it arouses pleasant or unpleasant feelings

85
Q

Sensation

A

Sensory perception which comprises all conscious experiences

86
Q

Intuition

A

Arriving at conclusions based on hunches about things in absence of factual information

87
Q

Animus

A

The male archetype in women

88
Q

Anima

A

The female archetype in men

89
Q

Collective Unconscious

A

shared memories from ancestors

90
Q

Complex

A
  • a constellation of related and emotionally charged thoughts, feelings or ideas
91
Q

Word Association Test

A
  • long response times, bizarre associations, increased heart rate

Psychology 233 (2 decks)

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