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Pysch > Midterm 3 > Flashcards

Midterm 3 Flashcards

0
Q

Circadian rhythms

A

Occur about every 24 hours

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1
Q

Biological rhythms

A

A periodic more or less regular fluctuation in a biological system

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2
Q

Infradian rhythms

A

Occur less often then once a day. Ex: birds migrating, bears hibernating

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3
Q

Ultradian rhythms

A

Occur more frequently then once a day every 90min

Ex stomach contractions and hormone levels

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4
Q

Circadian occur in who

A

Plants animals insects and people

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5
Q

Supraciasmatic nucleus

A

Located in the hypothalamus, responsible for circadian rhythms by regulating melatonin a hormone secreted by the pineal gland

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6
Q

Internal desynchronzation

A

A state when biological rhythms are not in phase with one another

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7
Q

Circadian rhythms influenced by

A

Airplane flights across time zones. Impacted by illness, stress, fatigue, excitement, drugs, mealtimes

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8
Q

Shift work

A

Efficiency drops, person becomes more tired and irritable, accidents more likely

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9
Q

Coren

A

Found that the spring shift to daylight saving time produced a short term increase in the likelihood of accidental death

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10
Q

Seasonal affective disorder

A

Disorder in which a person experiences depression during the winter and an improvement in mood in the spring

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11
Q

Premenstraul syndrome

A

Vague cluster of physical and emotional symptoms associated with the days preceding menustration that was labelled as an illness. Physical symptoms: cramps, water retention. Emotional: depression, irritability

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12
Q

Sleep provides time for

A

Body to eliminate waste products from muscles
Repair cells
Strengthen the immune system
Recover abilities lost during the day

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13
Q

Chronic sleep deprivation

A

Increases cortisol levels which can impair neurons involved in learning and memory

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14
Q

Chronic insomnia

A

Difficulty falling or staying asleep

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15
Q

Sleep apnea

A

Disorder in which breathing briefly stops during sleep causing person to choke and gasp and momentarily awaken

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16
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Disorder involving sudden and unpredictable daytime attacks of sleepiness or lapses into rem sleep

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17
Q

Rem behaviour disorder

A

Muscle paralysis associated with rem sleep does not occur and sleeper may act out their dreams

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18
Q

Sleepwalking

A

Slow wave sleep

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19
Q

Enuresis (bed wetting)

A

Stage 4. Most common in children, little evidence of psychological cause

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20
Q

Memory consolidation

A

Process by which the synaptic changes associated with recently spotted memories become durable and stable causing memory to become more reliable

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21
Q

Realms of sleep

A

Stage 1. Feel self drifting on the edge of consciousness

  1. Minor noises won’t disturb you
  2. Breathing and pulse have slowed down
  3. Deep sleep
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22
Q

Rem

A

Increases eye movement of muscle tone and dreaming

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23
Q

Lucid dreams

A

Dream in which the dreamer is aware that they are dreaming

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24
Q

Theroies to explain the purpose of dreams

A

Psychoanalytic, problem focused, cognitive, activation synthesis

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25
Q

Activation synthesis theory

A

Dreaming results from the cortical synthesis and interpretation of neural signals triggered by activity in the lower part of the brain

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26
Q

Defining hypothesis

A

Systematic procedure involving deep relaxation which tends to promote a heightened state of suggestibility

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27
Q

Nature of hypnosis

A

Doesn’t increase accuracy of memory
Doesn’t produce a literal re experiencing of long ago events
Hypnotic suggestions have been used effectively for medical and psychological purposes

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28
Q

Observed effects under hypnosis

A

Anesthesia1, anesthesia2
Sensory distributions and hallucinations
Disinhibition
Post hypnotic suggestions and amnesia

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29
Q

Hypnosis effective for what

A

For pain control, therapy for replacing memories, but not memory enhancement

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30
Q

Dissociation theories

A

Hypnosis is split in consciousness in which one part of the mind operate independently of the rear of the consciousness

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31
Q

Sociocognitive theories

A

Effects of hypnosis result from interaction between social influence of be hypnotist and the abilities and expectations of the subject

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32
Q

Psychoactive drug

A

Substance that alters perception, mood thinking memory or behaviour by changing body’s biochemistry

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33
Q

Stimulants

A

Drugs that speed up activity in the Cns

Ex nicotine caffeine

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34
Q

Depressants

A

Drugs that slow activity in the Cns

Ex. Alcohol tranquilizers

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35
Q

Opiates

A

Drugs derived from opium poppy that relieve pain and commonly produce euphoria
Ex opium

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36
Q

Psychedelic drugs

A

Drugs that produced hallucinations change thought processes or disrupt the normal perception of time and space
Ex lsd

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37
Q

Anabolic steroids

A

Synthetic derivatives of testosterone that are taken by pill or injection used to increase muscle mass and strength

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38
Q

Marijuana

A

Related to mild euphoria, relaxation, intense sensations, reduced pain, various cognitive deficits

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39
Q

Physiology of drug effects

A

Increase or decrease the release of neurotransmitters
Prevent reabsorption of excess neurotransmitters by the cells that have released them
Block the effects of neurotransmitters on receiving cells
Bind to receptors that would originally be triggered by a neurotransmitter or a neuromodulator

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40
Q

Psychoactive drugs

A

Can affect several processes at the level of the synapse

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41
Q

Cocaines effect on the brain

A

Blocks the brains reabsorption of the neurotransmitters dopamine and norepinephrine so levels of these substances rise
Result is an overstimulation of certain brain circuits and a brief euphoric high
Depletion of dopamine when drug wears off may cause person to crash

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42
Q

Ecstasy

A

Synthetic drug with proprieties of hallucinogenics and stimulants
Increases empathy insight and energy
Heavy use causes temporary damage of serotonin cells

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43
Q

Reactions to psychoactive drugs depend on

A

Physical factors such as body weight metabolism
Experience or the number of times a person has used a drug
Environmental factors such as where and with whom one is drinking
Mental set or expectations for drug effects

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44
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Neurotransmitter for motor neurons involving voluntary movement

45
Q

Venom of black widow spider

A

Stimulates release of ach causing massive post synaptic potentials

46
Q

Botulinun toxin

A

Pre neural firing

47
Q

Nicotine

A

Stimulates some post synaptic receptors

48
Q

Curare

A

Blocks post synaptic receptors

49
Q

Dopamine

A

Neurotransmitter involved with the instructions for the control of voluntary movements and reward centres
Degeneration of da neurons leads to Parkinson’s disease

50
Q

Dopamine

A

Cocaine: a stimulant that blocks reuptake producing more post synaptic da potentials
Amphetamines: stimulants that both increase release of da and block reuptake

51
Q

Dopamine

A

Overactive da synapses- positive symptoms of schizophrenia

Anti psychotic drugs: bind to post synaptic receptors and reduce post synaptic potentials

52
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Affects neurons involving in increased heart rate slowing of intestinal activity during stress and also a lesser extent learning memory dreaming waking from sleep and emotion
Implicated as a mechanism for mood disorders

53
Q

Serotonin

A

Neurotransmitter involved in the regulation of sleep and wakefulness decreased Activity observed during sleep
Increases activity observed during wakefulness
Low levels of serotonin- depression and obsessive compulsive disorder
Prozac: anti depressant drug that interferes with reuptake of serotonin

54
Q

Stages of perception

A

1 sensation
2 perceptual organization
3 identification and recognition

55
Q

Sense receptors

A

Specialized cells that convert physical energy in the environment or the body to electrical energy that can be transmitted as nerve impulses in the brain

56
Q

Perceptual organization

A

Process of internal representation

57
Q

Proximal stimulus

A

Optical image on the retina

58
Q

Distal stimulus

A

Physical object in the world

59
Q

Psychophysics

A

Study of correspondence between physical stimulation and psychological experience

60
Q

Absolute threshold

A

Minimum amount of physical energy needed to produce a sensory experience,

61
Q

Absolute threshold of vision

A

A single candle flame from 45 km On a dark clear night

62
Q

Absolute threshold of hearing

A

Tick of a watch from 6m in total quiet

63
Q

Absolute threshold of smell

A

1 drop of perfume in a 3 room apartment

64
Q

Absolute threshold of touch

A

Wing of a bee on your cheek dropped from 1 cm

65
Q

Absolute threshold of taste

A

1 tsp sugar in 9 l of water

66
Q

Difference thresholds

A

Smallest physical difference between two stimuli that can be recognized As a difference

67
Q

Just noticeable difference

A

Measures the magnitude of physchological difference between sensations

68
Q

Sensory adaption

A

Involves the diminishing responsiveness of sensory systems to prolonged stimulus input

69
Q

Response bias

A

Systematic tendency for an observer to favour responding in a particular way because of factors unrelated to the sensory features of the stimulus

70
Q

Transduction

A

Conversion of one form of physical energy into another

71
Q

Pupil

A

Opening in the iris through which light passes

72
Q

Lens

A

Makes the pupil dilate or constrict to control the amount of light

73
Q

Retina

A

At the back of the eye and converts light waves into neural signals

74
Q

Rods operate best in

A

Near darkness

75
Q

Cones operate best in

A

Bright light

76
Q

Dark adaption

A

Gradual improvement of eyes sensitivity after a shift in illumination from Light to near darkness
Rods 10-13 minutes
Cones 7-10,

77
Q

Fovea

A

Small region of densely packed cones at the centre of the retina

78
Q

Vision

A

Neural impulse leave the retina through the optic nerve

79
Q

Wavelength

A

Physical property that distinguishes types of electromagnetic energy including light

80
Q

Hue

A

Qualitative experience of the colour of light

81
Q

Saturation

A

Psychological dimension that captures the purity and vividness of colour

82
Q

Brightness

A

Refers to the intensity of light

83
Q

Trichromatic theory

A

Suggests there are 3 types of colour receptors

Red green and blue

84
Q

Opponent process theory

A

Suggests that all colour experiences arise from 3 systems

85
Q

Colour blindness

A

Partial or total inability to distinguish colours

86
Q

Pitch

A

Frequency

87
Q

Loudness

A

Amplitude of sound wave

88
Q

Timbre

A

Complexity of a sound wave

89
Q

Relative timing

A

Sounds arrive at each ear at difference times

90
Q

Relative intensity

A

Head casts a sound shadow producing intensity differences between ears

91
Q

Papillae

A

Contain taste buds

92
Q

Taste buds

A

Nest of taste receptor cells

93
Q

Vestibular senses

A

How ones body is orients in the world with respect to gravity

94
Q

Kinesthetic senses

A

Bodily position and movement of the body parts relative to each other

95
Q

Attention

A

A stat of focused awareness on a subset of the available perceptual information

96
Q

Goal direction selection

A

Choices about the setimuli you attend to

97
Q

Stimulus driven capture

A

Features of stimuli automatically capture your attention

98
Q

Perceptual grouping

A

Figure: object like regions of the visual field that are distinguished from the background
Ground: background areas of the visual field, against which figures stand out

99
Q

Law of closure

A

We fill in small gaps to experience objects as wholes

100
Q

Law of common fate

A

We group together objects that are moving in the same direction

101
Q

Size constantcy

A

Perceive the true size of an object despite variations in the size of its retinal images

102
Q

Shape constancy

A

Perceive an object shape correctly despite the object slanting away from you changing the retinal image

103
Q

Lightness constancy

A

Perceive whiteness grayness and blackness as constant changing levels of illumination

104
Q

Ambiguity

A

Sometimes single images are ambiguous and open to multiple interpretations during perceptual and identification processes

105
Q

Illusions

A

Perceptual systems deceive you into experiencing a stimulus pattern in a manner that is demonstrably incorrect

106
Q

Bottom up processes

A

Transformation of concrete physical features of stimuli into abstract representations

107
Q

Top down processes

A

Individual factors influence the way a perceived object is interpreted and classified

108
Q

Critical periods

A

Crucial windows of time during which a person have certain experience or perception will be impaired

109
Q

Perception influenced by

A

Needs
Beliefs
Emotions
Expectations

110
Q

Extrasensory perception

A

Claims that can send and receive messages about the world without relying on the usual sensory channels

111
Q

Parapsychology

A

Study of purported psychic phenomena such as esp and mental telepathy

Pysch (4 decks)

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