Midterm Flashcards
Which of the following is a major target organ for the toxic effects of ingested chemicals? A. Brain B. Kidney C. Bone marrow D. Liver
D. Liver
*side note: ingested chemicals, when absorbed from the intestine, distribute first to the liver and may be immediately detoxified.
inhaled toxicants immediately enter the general blood circulation and can distribute throughout the body prior to being detoxified by the liver
The amount of substance that is required to produce the desired/beneficial effect/s is know as the... A. Exposure dose B. Toxic dose C. Therapeutic dose D. Absorbed dose
C. Therapeutic dose
Which of the following is/are correct regarding fractioning a total dose?
A. Intensity of toxic effects will decrease
B. Intensity of therapeutic effects will decrease
C. Intensity of side-effects will increase
D. A and B
C. A, B, and C
A. Intensity of toxic effects will decrease
*side note: Fractionating a total dose usually decreases the probability that the total dose will cause toxicity. The reason for this is that the body often can repair the effect of each subtoxic dose if sufficient time passes before receiving the next dose.
Which of the following is NOT correct regarding knowledge of the Dose-Response relationship for a chemical?
A. The threshold dose for each of the chemical’s effects can be determined
B. The rate of buildup of the effects with increasing doses can be determined
C. The degree of metabolism and storage of the chemical lin the body can be determined
D. The therapeutic index (TI) can be determined
C. The degree of metabolism and storage of the chemical in the body can be determined
Therapeutic index (TI) for a medication is determined by which of the following ratios? A. LD50/ED50 B. LD1/ED99 C. ED99/LD1 D. ED50/LD50
A. LD50/ED50
*side note: For example, if the LD50 is 200 mg and the ED50 is 20 mg, the TI would be 10 (200/20). A clinician would consider a drug safer if it had a TI of 10 than if it had a TI of 3.
Mode of safety (MOS) = LD1/ED99
The TI for a chemical that is considered to have a wide MOS will be... A. less than 1 B. = 1 C. between 1 and 10 D. greater than 10
D. greater than 10
Which of the following factors is the most important determinant of the intensity of toxic effects?
A. Target site concentration of the chemical
B. Gender
C. Age
D. Body weight
A. Target site concentration of the chemical
*side note: fancy way of saying “dose.”
The unintentional route of exposure to chemicals that produce the fastest effects is which of the following?
A. GI exposure
B. Dermal exposure
C. Inhalation exposure
C. Inhalation exposure
*side note: dermal = slowest
Poisoning with carbon monoxide is characterized by which of the following lab perameters? A. Elevated carbaminohemoglobin B. Elevated carboxyhemoglobin C. Elevated methemoglobin D. Elevated oxyhemoglobin
B. Elevated carboxyhemoglobin
Which of the following categories includes chemicals that will NOT cause a toxic effect? A. Prescription meds B. Non-prescription meds C. Vitamins D. Health supplements E. None of the above is correct
E. None of the above is correct
*side note: All substances at the right dose can be toxic
The use of epinephrine (acts on adrenergic receptors) to reverse the effects of histamine-induced signs and symptoms of an allergic rxn is an example of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ antagonism. A. physiological B. chemical C. disposition D. receptor
D. receptor
T or F? Lipophilic chemicals are stored in bones.
F
T or F? Hydrating the stratum corneum will enhance the protective barrier property of the skin.
F
*side note: In class, Kumar said that putting lotion on actually decreases you skin’s defense
T or F? Dehydration will increase the intensity of all biological effects of absorbed chemicals.
T
T or F? Rapid lowering of adipose content as a part of a weight loss program can/will decrease the intensity of toxic effects of lipidphilic chemicals.
F
