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BioMechanics 2 > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Which two terms describe Pronation in reference to gait: inversion, eversion, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion?

A

Pronation = Eversion and Dorsiflexion
Supination = Inversion and Plantarflexion
(2)

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2
Q

When talking about gait, where does the movement occur?

A

Gait refers to movement of the calcaneus which produces motion in the Subtalar joint
(2)

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3
Q

If the foot is in a supinated position (heel strike), what is the subtalar joint doing?

A

Pronating
*Suptalar joint does the opposite of the position of the foot
(3)

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4
Q

Of the three stance phases (heel strike, midstance, and propulsive period) which phase lasts the longest? shortest?

A

Longest = Midstance (40% of stance phase)
Shortest = Heel strike (27% of stance phase)
(3)

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5
Q

Which of the three stance phases is considered to be the “weight bearing period”?
(Heel strike/Midstance/Propulsive period)

A

Midstance

3

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6
Q

In normal gait, which is longer, the stance phase, or swing phase?

A

Stance phase is typically 60% (swing=40%)

4

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7
Q

Which direction does the pelvis rotate when the right leg is forward?

A

Left
*Rotation of pelvis is away from the side of the forward leg
(4)

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8
Q

Which direction does the pelvis TILT, and SHIFT when the right leg is forward?

A

Pelvis dips/tilts inferiorly on swing side
Pelvis shifts toward stance side
(5)

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9
Q

Which hip (opposite or stance side hip) adducts during pelvic tilt and pelvic shift?

A

Pelvic tilt = opposite hip adducts (weight bearing hip)
Pelvic shift = stance side hip adducts
(5)

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10
Q

What muscle is weakened when a patient has an inability to abduct hip during stance phase, and the patient must lean toward weak side to center gravity over stance leg; referred to as Trendelenburg Gait?

A

Weakened Gluteus Medius
*Gluteus medius lurch, or trendelenburg gait
(7-8)

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11
Q

What is the name of the gait/what muscle is affected when the patient must shift their pelvis anterior and thorax posterior to maintain hip extension?

A

Weak gluteus maximus
=Gluteus maximus lurch
(8)

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12
Q

What is the term given to a person who drags their toes on the floor when swinging their leg forward?
What is the term given when they lift their leg higher than normal so fool will clear the floor?

A

Foot drop
Steppage
(9)

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13
Q

What is the name given to a gait where a person’s legs cross the midline?

A

Spastic paraplegia = scissors gait
*Partial paralysis = must swing leg out in front w/out muscular assistance
(9)

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14
Q

Which portion of the SI joint is the Cephalad portion referring to? The Caudad portion?

A 
Cephalad = upper SI joint
Caudad = lower SI joint
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15
Q

How many muscles specifically cross the SI joint?

A
  1. Many muscles insert onto the pelvis or SI ligaments and therefore can influence SI motion
    (13)
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16
Q

Where does joint degeneration first occur in the SI: on the iliac surface, or sacral surface?

A

Iliac surface in 3rd and 4th decades
Sacral surface on 5th and 6th decades
(15)

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17
Q

True or false: During sacral nutation, the sacral base moves anterior and superior?

A

False; Sacral base moves anterior and inferior during nutation
(17)

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18
Q

What is the opposite of sacral nutation? Which direction will sacral base move?

A

Sacral counternutation = sacral base moves posterior and superior
(17)

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19
Q

Which direction does the sacrum move during inspiration: nutate or counternutate?

A

Counternutates during inspiration
Nutates during expiration
(17)

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20
Q

What is the static malposition when the ilium is in extension?

A

AS ilium
(PSIS moves anterior and superior)
(18)

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21
Q

Is SI joint motion named according to the sacrum, the ilium, or dependent upon which bone is moving?

A

Ilium – always. No matter which bone actually moves

18

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22
Q

To create flexion of the SI joint, what two possible actions could occur?

A

Ilium flexion
Sacral nutation
(18)

23
Q

To create extension of the SI joint, what two possible actions could occur?

A

Ilium extends
Sacrum counternutates
(18)

24
Q

In sacral rotation, what is the Gonstead listing when the PSIS moves away from the midline?
Toward midline?

A

Away from midline = EX (=internal rotation)
Toward midline = (lateral rotation) = IN
(18)

25
Q

When does sacral gyroscopic motion occur?

What two movements is gyroscopic motion a combination of?

A

Occurs during locomotion
Combination of rotation and translation
(19)

26
Q

During sacral gyroscopic motion, when the ilium is flexed, what is the sacrum doing?

A

Flexion of ilium = sacrum is nutating
*Sacral motion is opposite of iliac motion
(Extension of ilium = sacrum is counternutating)
(19)

27
Q

True or False: During gyroscopic motion, sacral motion on one side of the sacrum is the same motion as the opposite side of the sacrum?

A

False
Sacral motion on one side contrasts with opposite motion on the other side
(Right side sacrum nutates, Left side counternutates)
(19)

28
Q

What configuration does the sacrum make while walking?

A

“Figure 8”

19

29
Q

When performing Gillet’s test for upper joint flexion, where are the contacts and how is the test performed?

A

Thumbs on PSIS and Sacral tubercle
Patient flexes ipsilateral hip
*Dr’s thumbs should approximate as ilium flexes on the sacrum and the PSIS moves posteriorly and inferiorly
(22)

30
Q

When performing Gillet’s test for upper joint extension, where are the contacts and how is the test performed?

A

Dr’s thumbs on PSIS and sacral tubercle
Patient flexes CONTRALATERAL hip
*Dr’s thumbs should separate as sacrum counternutates relative to ilium and sacral tubercles move inferiorly
(22)

31
Q

When performing Gillet’s test for lower joint flexion, where are the contacts and how is the test performed?

A

Thumbs on Sacral tubercle and PIIS
Patient flexes ipsilateral hip
*Thumbs should separate as ilium flexes on the sacrum and PIIS moves inferiorly and anteriorly
(22)

32
Q

When performing Gillet’s test for lower joint extension, where are the contacts and how is the test performed?

A

Thumbs on sacral tubercle and PIIS
Patient flexes contralateral hip
*Sacral contact thumb should move inferiorly relative to the PIIS as the sacrum counternutates relative to ilium
(22)

33
Q

During Gillet’s test, if the patient’s knee is bent, what are the requirements for an accurate test?

A

For Extension tests, bent leg must go above 90 degrees of hip flexion
(22)

34
Q

What are the contacts for the sacral push test and what would a normal test outcome be?

A

Bilateral thumb contacts across SI joints (thumb tips on sacral base)
Dr’s thumbtips should move symmetrically forward as patient leans back (sacral base moves anterior)
(23)

35
Q

What are the contacts, procedure, and expected outcome for Piedau’s test?

A

Thumbs on each side of Sacral Apex, + fingertips on PSIS’s
Patient bends forward
PSIS should bilaterally separate from sacral base
(23)

36
Q

Where is the one handed contact for SI flexion?

A

Sacral Base
(probably creates more lumbosacral extension than SI flexion
(24)

37
Q

Where is the 2-handed contact for SI flexion?

A

Sacral base and Ischial tuberosity

24

38
Q

Where is the 1-handed contact for SI extension?

A

PSIS

24

39
Q

Where are the 2-handed contacts for SI extension?

A

PSIS & sacral apex

24

40
Q

Where is the 1-handed contact for side posture SI flexion?

A

Ischial tuberosity

25

41
Q

Where are the 2-handed contacts for SI flexion?

A

Ischial tuberosity and ASIS

25

42
Q

Where is the 1-handed and 2-handed contacts for side posture SI extension?

A

1-handed = PSIS
2-handed = PSIS and Anterior hip area
(25)

43
Q

What part of the lower extremity is Allis’s test checking for in regards to leg length inequality?

A

Anatomic tib/fib inequalities and/or anatomic femoral inequalities
(26)

44
Q

During a sit-up test, if a patient’s right leg starts shorter than the other and stays shorter, does the patient have an anatomic and/or functional leg length inequality?

A

Anatomical inequality

27

45
Q

During a sit-up test, if a patient’s right leg starts shorter than the other and becomes longer by the same amount after sit-up, does the patient have an anatomic and/or functional leg length inequality?

A

Functional inequality

27

46
Q

During a sit-up test, if a patient’s right leg starts shorter than the other and becomes even shorter, does the patient have an anatomic and/or functional leg length inequality?

A

Anatomic & functional inequality

27

47
Q

During a sit-up test, if a patient’s legs start equal and the right leg becomes longer after a sit-up, does the patient have an anatomic and/or functional leg length inequality?

A

Anatomic & Functional inequality

27

48
Q

Is a flexed ilium an AS or PI ilium?

A

Flexed ilium = PI
Extended ilium = AS
(27)

49
Q

During the sit-up test, will the leg lengthen on the AS (extended) or PI (flexed) side?

A

PI (flexed) leg lengthens
AS (extended) leg shortens
(27)

50
Q

Does a flexed ilium position the acetabulum more cephalad or caudad?

A

Cephalad (and anterior)

27

51
Q

When sitting, is a flexed ilium or extended ilium give an appearance of a longer leg?

A

Flexed ilium while sitting = longer leg

27

52
Q

True or False: The sit-up test reveals which SI joint is dysfunctional?

A

False
Sit-up test only reveals relative positions; does NOT reveal which SI joint is dysfunctional
(27)

53
Q

What is Chamberlain’s test?

A

Patient stands on each leg separately w/ 2 total x-rays
Measure change in symphysis position
Excessive movement indicates instability
(28)

54
Q

What is the most accurate method to measure leg length?

A

Scanogram

29

BioMechanics 2 (2 decks)

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