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Rajaram > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three biological classifications of carbohydrates?

A
  1. storage
  2. structure
  3. mucopolysaccharide
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2
Q

What is an example of the CHO class storage?

A

amylose

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3
Q

what is an example of the CHO class structure?

A

pectin

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4
Q

what is an example of the CHO class mucopolysaccharide

A

Heparin

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5
Q

What are abundant on all cells and are used for glucose uptake into cells?

A

GLUT proteins

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6
Q

What is the main cell that uses GLUT1

A

RBC

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7
Q

What is the main cell that uses GLUT2

A

Liver

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8
Q

Why is GLUT1 useful for RBC?

A

There is low Km so the affinity of uptake of glucose is high

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9
Q

Why is GLUT2 useful for the liver?

A

Symmetric transport makes it useful during gluconeogenesis

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10
Q

what influences the glycemic index of a food

A
  1. type of starch

2. physical entrapment

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11
Q

How does amylose influence glycemic index?

A

amylose is linear so tightly packed, less water holding and longer time to digest, lowers GI

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12
Q

how does amylopectin influence glycemic index?

A

amylopectine is branched so loosely packed, allowing for more water so its easy to digest, higher GI

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13
Q

How does physical entrapment influence glycemic index?

A

bran layer will resist complete digestion so lowers GI

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14
Q

what are examples of physical entrapment on GI

A

brown rice has bran lower GI, while white rice has higher GI

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15
Q

What is the basic structural feature of cellulose

A

cellulose is beta1-4 glycosidic bond, linear

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16
Q

What is an example of an insoluble fiber

A

cellulose

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17
Q

what is an example of a soluble fiber

A

pectin

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18
Q

What are two beneficial physical properties of fiber

A
  1. delays gastric emptying

2. increases feeling of fullness so helps with weight management

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19
Q

what is the basic structural feature of pectin

A

pectin is ironic acid that is branched

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20
Q

what are three dietary sources of insoluble fiber

A

cellulose: vegetables, nuts, grains

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21
Q

what are three dietary sources of soluble fiber

A

pectin: legumes, fruits, oats

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22
Q

what are resistant starches

A

starchy foods that escape digestion

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23
Q

what are three types of resistant starches?

A
  1. RS1 (inaccessible part of plant
  2. RS2 (found in uncooked plant)
  3. RS3 (found in cooked&cooled plants)
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24
Q

What are dietary sources of RS1

A

legumes, seeds

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25
Q

what are dietary sources of RS2

A

raw banana, uncooked potato

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26
Q

what are dietary sources of RS3

A

bread cornflakes

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27
Q

how are FA classified according to degree of unsaturation

A
  1. saturated
  2. monounsaturated
  3. n-6 polyunsaturated
  4. n-3 polyunsaturated
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28
Q

What is an example of a saturated FA

A

Palmitic 16:0

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29
Q

What is an example of a monounsaturated FA

A

olelic 18:1

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30
Q

What is an example of a n-6 polyunsaturated FA

A

linoleic 18:2

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31
Q

What is an example of a n-3 polyunsaturated FA

A

alpha linolenic 18:3

32
Q

What are 3 dietary sources of Palmitic 16:0

A

meats, dairy, eggs

33
Q

What are 3 dietary sources of olelic 18:1

A

olive oil, almonds, avocado

34
Q

What are 3 dietary sources of linoleic 18:2

A

corn oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil

35
Q

What are 3 dietary sources of alpha linolenic 18:3

A

flaxseed, walnuts, canola oil

36
Q

What are phospholipids

A

amphipathic lipids

37
Q

what are three functions of phospholipids?

A
  1. cell membrane structure
  2. cell signaling
  3. lung surfactant
38
Q

What are two common phospoholipids?

A
  1. phosphatidyl inositol

2. lecithin

39
Q

What are the two transport proteins involved in sterol absorption and re-secretion?

A
  1. NPC1L1

2. ABCG5/8

40
Q

What is NPC1L1 used for

A

sterol absorption

41
Q

What is ABCG5/8 used for

A

re-secretion

42
Q

what is the function of ApoA-1?

A

to stimulate LCAT enzyme

43
Q

what is the function of lipoprotein lipase

A

To hydrolyse TAG

44
Q

what is the function of ABCA1

A

to carry cholesterol from peripheral tissues to HDL

45
Q

what is the function of LRP

A

To carry out the Apo E meditated uptake of CMR or VLDL

46
Q

what is the function of PON1

A

acts an antioxidant enzyme on HDL that protects LDL oxidation

47
Q

What lipoprotein uses Apo A-1

A

HDL

48
Q

what lipoprotein uses lipoprotein lipase

A

CM and VLDL

49
Q

what lipoprotein uses ABCA1

A

HDL

50
Q

what lipoprotein uses LR

A

CMR or VLDL

51
Q

what lipoprotein uses PON1

A

LDL

52
Q

What are the two types of LDL uptake

A
  1. LDL-r

2. Scavenger receptor uptake

53
Q

What is the regulation of normal LDL-R uptake

A

when cholesterol is converted to CE then intracellular pool is low so LDL-R is upregulated more LDL-C uptake. When de novo cholesterol synthesis is stimulated, more intracellular cholesterol pool causes LDL-R to be down regulated, less LDL-C uptake

54
Q

Explain LDL-R uptake

A

LDL-R is normal LDL uptake that is regulated, Apo E or B protein mediated into liver cell

55
Q

Explain Scavenger Receptor LDL uptake

A

Scavenger receptor uses oxidized LDL that is unregulated where no Apo protein is requires and uses macrophages.

56
Q

Of the different classes of FA, which one is most prone to retention in the body?

A

Saturated/Trans fat

57
Q

What possible physiological can arise due to saturated and trans fat retention int he body

A

probe to obesity, increase membrane rigidity, alters eicosanoid production

58
Q

What is lipid per oxidation?

A

partial oxidation of lipids by free radicals to produce lipid peroxides

59
Q

What biomarker is used to asses lipid peroxidation

A

MDA is biomarker

60
Q

What membrane functions are affected when lipid peroxides affect membrane lipids

A
  1. increases membrane permeability,
  2. reduced ligand recept-binding
  3. reduced membrane enzyme activity
  4. compromised signal transduction
61
Q

what is the best antioxidant to combat lipid peroxidation

A

vitamin E

62
Q

If delta 5 desaturase acts on Dihomogammalinolenic acid 20:3 (8,11,14) n-6 pufa, what is new FA?

A

arachidonic acid 20:4 (5,8,11,14) n-6 PUFA

63
Q

What are three dietary sources of arachidonic acid 20:4

A

red meat, dairy eggs

64
Q

what are very long FA used for

A

myelin shealth and epidermis

65
Q

what deltas are used in desaturase

A

4,5,6,7,8,9

66
Q

what must be there for desaturase to occur & cannot be added past carbon 10

A

at least 12 carbons

67
Q

Omega 6, linoleic acid 18:2 (9, 12) (n-6) > FADS2 (delta 6 desaturase), adding double bond at 6th position making > 18:3 (6,9,12) n-6 gamma linolenic acid > elongase which adds two carbons on the carboxylic acid site shifting the carbons making it > 20:3 n-6 (8, 12,14) dihomo Gamma Linolenic Acid (important substrate for icosinoids) > FADS1 (delta 5 desaturase), adding double bond at 5th position making > 20:3 N-6 (5, 8, 11, 14) arachidonic acid (abundant in diet from animal foods) > elongase which adds two carbons on the carboxylic acid site shifting the carbons making it > 20:4 n-6 (7, 10, 14, 16) docosatetraenoic acid

A

.

68
Q

what is biomarker for EFA deficiency

A

mead, if 20:3 is high deficiency

69
Q

what are the two naturally occurring trans fats

A 
Vaccenic acid (human milk) 18:1 trans-11
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)
70
Q

What are the two CLA isomers

A

cis9, trans11-CLA

trans10, cis12-CLA

71
Q

What are two methods of Achieving optimal status

of EFA?

A

Maximize conversion of ALA to EPA and DHA

Provide a direct source of EPA and DHA

72
Q

what are classes of eicosanoids

A

Prostaglandin (PG): 5 member ring
PGI2 or PGI3, but PGI is Prostacycline: 2 rings fused together
Thromboxane (TX): 6 member ring w oxygen in center
Leukotriene (LT): No ring structure; long chain

73
Q

what is the committed step of making PD, TX, and Prostacyclins is the

A

production of PGG2 & PGH2

74
Q

what is the commited step of making LT is

A

production of HPETEs

75
Q 
Thromboxanes are only made by platelets and bc of this can cause platelet aggregation - desired when you’re bleeding and want to clot
Leukotrienes are predominant in immune cells and leukocytes
PD is only class found in variety of cells - stomach, reproductive organ, lungs, mucosal.
Prostocyline - endothelial cells of wall and vasodialation
A

,

76
Q

what are the physiological functions of eicosanoids

A

Inflammation

Pain and fever

Reproduction

Regulation of blood pressure

Platelet aggregation

Infection

Airway constriction

77
Q

DHGLNA and EPA compete with AA in three ways

A
  1. Displacement from tissues/cell membrane lipids
  2. Competitive inhibition
  3. Counteraction

Rajaram (1 decks)

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