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BIOMECH > MIDTERM > Flashcards

MIDTERM Flashcards

1
Q

These are forces that are imposed on a system by direct physical contact + are the forces we deal with in orthopedics

a. mechanical
b. electrical, magnetic + elecromagnetic
c. reaction

A

A

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2
Q

These forces are relatively minuscule

a. mechanical
b. electrical, magnetic + elecromagnetic
c. reaction

A

B

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3
Q

These forces represent resitance of the body or structure to the acceleration of deformation that applied force could potentially cause and is related to GRF and joint reaction forces

. mechanical

b. electrical, magnetic + elecromagnetic
c. reaction

A

C.

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4
Q

What is the equation for Torque?

A

T = F x dp

where F equals the magnitude of hte applied force and dp = perpendicular distance to the line of action of the force

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5
Q

Which component of the acting muscle force causes shearing of the joint?

a. radial component
b. tangential component
c. actual muscle component

A

B. tangential

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6
Q

This component is very small and is maximized at just past 90 degrees of flexion

a. radial component
b. tangential component
c. actual muscle component

A

tangential

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7
Q

This component is large in extension and acts as a joint stabilizer . it gradually decreases as the tangential INCREASES, until radial = 0 at which point it becomes destabilizing

a. radial component
b. tangential component
c. actual muscle component

A

a. radial

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8
Q

T/F A fixed pulley may change the direction and magnitude of the force

A

FALSE, that is a movable pulley

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9
Q

T/F A fixed pulley has applied forces that are equal in each strand

A

True

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10
Q

An example of a pulley being used to preserve functional esthetics is:

a. the toe extensors being held by the extensor retinaculum
b. the patella in the knee joint
c. the sesamoid bones under the 1st met
d. all of the above
e. none of the above

A

A.

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11
Q

A good example of a way pulleys boost mechanical advantage is through:

a. the toe extensors being held by the extensor retinaculum
b. the patella in the knee joint
c. the sesamoid bones under the 1st met
d. B and C

A

D

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12
Q

T/F A fixed pulley has a 1:1 ratio

A

True: no mechanical advantage

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13
Q

Class 1 lever

a. central weight
b. central force
c. central axis

A

C

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14
Q

Class 2 lever:

a. central weight
b. central force
c. central axis

A

A

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15
Q

Class 3 lever

a. central weight
b. central force
c. central axis

A

B

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16
Q

Which type of lever has motive and resistance force on opposite sides of the fulcrum?

a. first class
b. second class
c. third class
d. B and C

A

A

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17
Q

All of the following are types of first class levers EXCEPT:

a. erector spinae acting on spine + abdominal weight
b. brachioradialis maintaining elbow flexion
c. triceps acting on elbow
d. soleus acting on ankle
e. seesaw

A

B. this is a second class lever!

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18
Q

In this type of lever, the motive and resistance forces are on the same side of the fulcrum

a. first class
b. second class
c. third class
d. B and C

A

D. second + third

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19
Q

T/F the motive force always has the longer moment arm in a second class lever

A

True

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20
Q

T/F The motive force always has the mechanical advantage in a third class lever

A

False, the RESISTANCE force has mechanical advantage in a third class lever

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21
Q

this is the MOST common type of lever in the human body and is demonstrated by biceps acting at elbow and quads acting at knee

a. first class
b. second class
c. third class
d. B and C

A

C. third class

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22
Q

T/F the force with the longer moment arm is said to have mechanical advantage

A

True

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23
Q

This type of load occurs due to the effects of gravity and as a result of muscle contractures

a. compression
b. tensile
c. bending
d. shear
e. torsion

A

A.

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24
Q

This type of load is commonly seen with musculotendinous units. Thy provide structural support to elements of the body such as the iliotibial band in unilateral stance

a. compression
b. tensile
c. bending
d. shear
e. torsion

A

B

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25
Q

This type of load can be injurious in the case of Plantar fasciitis or achilles tendon enthesopathy

a. compression
b. tensile
c. bending
d. shear
e. torsion

A

B

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26
Q

This type of load involves a twist and may result in compression and shear stresses on body tissues

a. compression
b. tensile
c. bending
d. shear
e. torsion

A

E.

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27
Q

What absorbs most of hte imposed torsional loads of the body?

a. muscle
b. fat
c. bone
d. tendon
e. ligament

A

C. bone

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28
Q

This type of load affects tendons and can lead to shortening of the achilles tendon

a. compression
b. tensile
c. bending
d. shear
e. torsion

A

E. torsion

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29
Q

This type of loading occurs at RIGHT angles to the long axis of a structure

a. compression
b. tensile
c. bending
d. shear
e. torsion

A

D

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30
Q

The tissues of the body are MOST vulnerable to this type of load

a. compression
b. tensile
c. bending
d. shear
e. torsion

A

D. shear

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31
Q

This type of load requires at least three different forces, one being opposite to the other two

a. compression
b. tensile
c. bending
d. shear
e. torsion

A

C. bending

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32
Q

This type of load is a combination of compression + tension stresses.

a. compression
b. tensile
c. bending
d. shear
e. torsion

A

C. bending

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33
Q

T/F static equilibrium occurs when a body or a system is at rest or is in a constant motion

A

True

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34
Q

This is the study of bodies or systems in motion when there is no constant or stable equilibrium

a. static equilibrium
b. dynamics
c. arthrokinematics
d. open chain kinetics
e. closed chain kinetics

A

B. dynamics

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35
Q

This equals the number of planes in which motion takes place:

A

Degrees of freedom

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36
Q

Which of the following joints represents 1 degree of freedom?

a. metacarpophalangeal joint
b. flexion of interphalangeal joint
c. adduction of leg
d. extension of knee joint
e. B and D

A

E.

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37
Q

Circumduction requires atleast how many degrees of freedom?

a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4

A

B. 2

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38
Q

In the BODY, adduction + abduction occur in what plane?

a. sagittal
b. frontal
c. transverse

A

B. frontal

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39
Q

In the body, rotation occurs in what plane?

a. sagittal
b. frontal
c. transverse

A

C. transverse

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40
Q

This is angular or curvlinear motion directed around a perpendicular axis of motion

a. rotation/roll
b. translation/glide
c. spin

A

A. rotation/roll

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41
Q

This is linear motion of one joint surface over another:

a. rotation/roll
b. translation/glide
c. spin

A

B. translation/glide

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42
Q

These are intrinsic joint movements about an longitudinal mechanical axis perpendicular to the articular surface

a. rotation/roll
b. translation/glide
c. spin

A

C spin

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43
Q

This is a series of rigid segments connected togheter by movable joints

A

Kinetic chain

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44
Q

A functional constraint to the CKC is:

a. the friction between the foot and the ground that constrains the distal end of hte LE during weight bearing
b. the balance requirements that compel the proximal end of the LE during LEs weight bearing

A

B.

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45
Q

T/F whenever the upper and lower limbs are weight bearing, they function in a closed chain fashion

A

true

46
Q

Reaching, placing and throwing are all events that demonstrate:

a. closed kinetic chain
b. open kinetic chian
c. rotation/roll
d. translation/glide
e. spin

A

B.

47
Q

T/F Throwing is an open chain activity while pushing is a closed chain activity

A

True

48
Q

T/F Throwing a shot put is an open chain activty

A

FALSE

49
Q

When would the spine function in an open chain manner?

A

From a horizontal position, and when there needs to be some net displacement of the cephalade protion of the spine i.e. forward bend

50
Q

The point through which the sum of gravitational forces ona body can be considered to act is called:

a. gravitational forces
b. central point of total mass

A

A.

51
Q

The point at which the total mass of a body ors ystem is assumed to be centered

a. gravitational forces
b. central point of total mass

A

B.

52
Q

The center of gravity of the head arms and trunk is located:

a. just anterior to the S2 sacral component
b. anterior to the body of the 11th thoracic vertebra
c. just blow the xiphoid process of the sternum
d. B and C

A

D.

53
Q

The center of gravity of the human body is located:

a. just anterior to the S2 sacral component
b. anterior to the body of the 11th thoracic vertebra
c. just blow the xiphoid process of the sternum
d. B and C

A

A

54
Q

What is the equation for pressure?

A

P = F/A

Force per unit area

55
Q

If a 30 pound force is applied to an area of 2 square inches, what is the resulitng pressure in PSI?

a. 60
b. 30
c. 15
d. 20
e. 5

A

c. 15

56
Q

All of the following are principles of therapeutic pressure management, EXCEPT:

a. reduction of the magnitude of the force
b. decrease in the contact surface area of the force application
c. decrease the time the area is exposed to pressure
d. all of the above are correct

A

B. INCREASE

57
Q

What is Newton’s first law of motion?

a. A net force on an object will accelerate or decelerate it (change its velocity)
b. the force that object 1 exerts on object 2 must be of hte same magnitude but in opposite direction that object 2 exerts on object 1
c. that if the vector sum of the forces acting on an object is zero, then the object will remain at rest or remain moving at constant velocity

A

C

58
Q

What is Newton’s second law of motion?

a. A net force on an object will accelerate or decelerate it (change its velocity)
b. the force that object 1 exerts on object 2 must be of hte same magnitude but in opposite direction that object 2 exerts on object 1
c. that if the vector sum of the forces acting on an object is zero, then the object will remain at rest or remain moving at constant velocity

A

A

59
Q

What is Newton’s third law of motion?

a. A net force on an object will accelerate or decelerate it (change its velocity)
b. the force that object 1 exerts on object 2 must be of hte same magnitude but in opposite direction that object 2 exerts on object 1
c. that if the vector sum of the forces acting on an object is zero, then the object will remain at rest or remain moving at constant velocity
d. The acceleration is proportional to the magnitude of the force and in the same direction as the force

A

B

60
Q

What is the Joint reaction force?

A

The equal and opposite forces that exist between adjacent bones at a joint caused by the weight and inertial forces of the two segments

61
Q

T/F the amount of joint compression force is frequently high since most muscles attach at an acute angle to the bone, rather than at a right angle

A

True

62
Q

T/F The peak vertical forces on the foot may approach 120% body weight during walking and 275% body weight during running

A

True

63
Q

An increased Q angle results in:

a. increased laterally directed forces on the patella
b. erosion of the articular surface on the lateral aspect of the trochlear groove of the femur
c. increased medially directed forces on the patella
d. A and B
e. B and C

A

D

64
Q

T/F An increased Q angle is another way of saying genu varum

A

False, genu valgum

65
Q

What is a normal femoral neck to shaft angle?

a. < 125
b. 125
c. > 125

A

B.

66
Q

The most significant biomechanical issue related to the hip joint is related to:

a. first class lever system
b. second class lever system
c. third class lever system

A

A

67
Q

What does Hooke’s law state?

A

That the stress in a material is directly proportional to teh strain so long as the elastic limit has not been exceeded.

68
Q

This has magnitude only

A

scalar

69
Q

this has both magnitude + direction

A

vector

70
Q

T/F Moment arm and torque arm are synonymous

A

True

71
Q

Which of the following is not a second class lever?

a. Wheelbarrow
b. Brachioradialis maintaining elbow flexion
c. Wrist maintaning elbow flexion
d. Toe raises with axis at the MTPJs
e. All of the above are examples of 2nd class levers

A

E

72
Q

An example of a ski hitting a tree stump with the forces mostly at the level at the top of the ski boot represents what type of load?

a. Torsional
b. Bending
c. Shear
d. Compression
e. Tensile

A

C. Shear

73
Q

The weight of the HAT is approx how much of your body weight?

a. 20%
b. 60%
c. 70%
d. 80%
e. 50%

A

B. 60

74
Q

This is defined as the equal and opposite forces that exist between adjacent bones at a joint caused by the weight and inertial forces of the two segments.

A

Joint reaction force

75
Q

T/F JRFs occur in joints secondary to the primary forces of muscle contraction, gravity, external resistance + friction

A

True

76
Q

The joint compression force in unilateral stance has been calculated to be approx how much of your body weight?

a. equal
b. 2x
c. 2.5x
d. 4x
e. 4.5x

A

C. 2.5x

77
Q

When standing on both feet, each tibial plateau has a compressive force of how much % of your body weight?

a. 30%
b. 40%
c. 45%
d. 55%
e. 60%

A

C. 45%

78
Q

T/F When the patella is flexed 90 degrees, the force is 0.8BW and when it is flexed 15 degrees it is 2.6BW

A

False , opposite!

79
Q

This is the resistance of a material to deformation. Generally described as a reaction force created within the substance of a structure and occurs in the presence of an applied load

a. Stress
b. Strain
c. Elasticity
d. Plasticity
e. Load

A

a. Stres

80
Q

This is the ability to retain a shape attained by deformation

b. Strain
c. Elasticity
d. Plasticity
e. Load

A

d. plasticity

81
Q

This is the inherent property in bodies by which they recover their former figure/dimensions

a. Stress
b. Strain
c. Elasticity
d. Plasticity
e. Load

A

c. Elasticity

82
Q

T/F If a load is applied within the elastic region of the structure and then realed no permanent deformation occurs

A

True

83
Q

T/F biological living is the exception to permament plastic alteration and allows the slow regeneration of original demsions even following plastic deformation

A

True

84
Q

The necking region immediately follows what?

a. the plastic region
b. the elastic region
c. the ultimate stress region
d. the failure point
e. the ultimate strain region

A

C. ultimate stress region

85
Q

Cancellous vs cortical bone

A

KNow the difference packet 2

86
Q

What is anistropy?

A

Bone exhibits different mechanical properties when loaded along different axes

87
Q

T/F Compact bone is thick along the epiphysis and thin along the diaphyses

A

False

88
Q

This type of bone consists of circular layers of bone that forms the haversion system

a. compact
b. cortical
c. cancellous
d. all of the above

A

A. compact

89
Q

According to youngs modulus, what is the strongest in regardes to having tensile strength?

a. aluminum
b. nylon
c. rubber
d. stainless steel
e. bone (wet)

A

D. stainless steel

90
Q

What has the steepest slope in the elastic region?

a. glass
b. bone
c. metal
d. plastic

A

c. metal

91
Q

A long plastic region indicates what?

A

A relatively ductile material that deforms extensively before failure

92
Q

T/F When the rate of cyclic loading is higher than the tissues capacity to adapt, fatigue failure will occur.

A

True

93
Q

This occurs when viscoelastic solid is subjected to the action of a constant load

a. stress relaxation
b. creep
c. plasticity
d. elasticity
e. stress strain

A

B. creep

94
Q

This is the decrease in the stress of a structure in the presence of a constant strain

a. stress relaxation
b. creep
c. plasticity
d. elasticity
e. stress strain

A

A.

95
Q

This occurs when dynamic slpints are used to increase joint ROM

a. stress relaxation
b. creep
c. plasticity
d. elasticity
e. stress strain

A

A

96
Q

What is one mechanism that has been suggested to explain the phenomena of creep + stress relaxation

A

internal friction

97
Q

In cartilage, what type of viscoelastic behavior do we commonly see?

a. bending
b. shear
c. compressive
d. torsional
e. tensile

A

C. compressive

98
Q

The plastic deformation of hte posterior capsule of hte knee that allos progressive hyperextension in patiehts with quadriceps paralysis is an example of:

a. youngs modulus
b. stress strain curve
c. rate of loading compression
d. viscous deformation from cyclic loading
e. none of the above

A

D.

99
Q

T/F When loads are repeatedly applied and kept below the elastic limit, the only way for the structure to develop cumulative strain is for it o undergo what?

A

viscous deformation

100
Q

Which of the following is NOT an example of a fibrous joint?

a. Pelvic bones
b. neural arch attaching to vertebral body
c. cranial sutures
d. joint between ribs and sternum

A

D.

101
Q

This joints allow the largest ROM and are also known as diarthrodial joints

a. fibrous
b. synovial
c. cartilaginous
d. synostosis

A

B

102
Q

T/F chondrocytes account for about 50% of the tissues volume

A

False, 10% very sparsely distributed

103
Q

Which zone of cartilage represents the highest percentage?

a. Deep
b. Calcified cartilage
c. Superficial tangential
d. Middle

A

D. Middle

104
Q

What are the two phases of articular cartilage?

A

an interstitial fluid phase

a porous permeable solid phase

105
Q

In shear, single phase viscoelastic polymers, viscoelasticity is primarily caused by:

a. interstitial fluid flow
b. macromolecular motion
c. long polymer chains
d. all of the above

A

C. long polymer chains

106
Q

Biphasic viscoeleastic behavior is caused by:

a. interstitial fluid flow
b. macromolecular motion
c. long polymer chains
d. all of the above

A

A.

107
Q

Intrinsic viscoelastic behavior is caused by:

a. interstitial fluid flow
b. macromolecular motion
c. long polymer chains
d. all of the above

A

B. macromoleuclar motion

108
Q

What is the static friction coefficient ?

A

u = F/ N
F- tangential force required to produce sliding
N- normal force between the surfaces

109
Q

What is the magnitude of fraction?

A

Ff = FN x Cf

FN = normal force
Cf = coefficient of friction
Ff - friction force

110
Q

T/F By decreasing hte load bearing contact area, fluid is less likely to escape from in between articularing srufaces

A

False, by increasing it

BIOMECH (1 decks)

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