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Crim 103 > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

consensus theory of crime

A

crime is defined in a manner broadly agreed upon by society

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2
Q

conflict theory of crime

A

crime is determined by socially powerful groups to maintain and promote social dominance

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3
Q

instrumental violence

A

premeditated acts that are carried out unemotionally against strangers; goal oriented

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4
Q

reactive violence

A

occurs in response to frustration, to cause harm against the victim; spontaneous acts committed when emotions (anger) are high against known victims

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5
Q

macro theory

A

large scale theory that explains phenomena at a societal or broad group level (sociological theory)

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6
Q

micro theory

A

small scale theory that explains phenomena at an individual level (psychological theory)

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7
Q

inter-individual differences

A

exist between two or more people

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8
Q

intra-individual differences

A

variations within the same person

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9
Q

age-crime curve

A

the distribution of criminal behaviour over lifespan which consistently shows that crime rates rise sharply throughout adolescence, peak in early adulthood, and taper off during old age

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10
Q

correlational research designs

A

examines relationships between two or more variables (third variable: uncontrolled factor that may be responsible for changes occurring in a study variable)

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11
Q

longitudinal research designs

A

involves making several observations of same study participants over a period of time

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12
Q

classic experimental designs

  • random assignment
  • experimental group
  • control group
A
  • assignment of participants to different study conditions on the basis of chance
  • study participants who are exposed to variable or condition under investigation
  • participants who aren’t exposed to variable and are used for comparison purposes
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13
Q

quasi-experimental designs

A

incorporates some of the features of a true experiment (can be used when random assignment isn’t possible)

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14
Q

meta-analysis

A

involves combining results of many studies on a particular subject to generate a statistical estimate of overall magnitude of findings

  • value rests on having clear inclusion criteria outlining which studies are to be included
  • powerful way to summarize and understand the significance of research findings
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15
Q

evolutionary psychology

A

field of study concerned with understanding how natural selection shapes and influences mental processes and behaviour (population as a whole)

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16
Q

behavioural genetics

A

field of study concerned with understanding influence of genetics on expression of characteristics and behaviours within a population (individual in population)

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17
Q

twin studies (strength and weakness)

A
  • strength: can show whether behavioural similarity is due to genetics or environment
  • weakness: twins more likely to share same environment than non-twins
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18
Q

adoption studies (strength and weakness)

A
  • strength: type of natural experiment showing whether behaviour influenced by biological or adoptive parents
  • weakness: less common, may not be generalize-able
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19
Q

monozygotic & dizygotic twins

A

monozygotic: develop from a single fertilized egg that has split (genetically identical)
dizygotic: develop from two eggs that are independently fertilized by different sperm (vary genetically)

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20
Q

concordance rate

A

percentage of two individuals who match one another with respect to presence of a particular characteristic or condition (the percent that the other twin will also have the same trait)

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21
Q

diathesis-stress model

A

diathesis: genetic vulnerability of predisposition to develop a psycho-pathological condition

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22
Q

differential susceptibility model

A

individuals exhibit gene-based differences in their sensitivity or reactivity to environment

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23
Q

selfish and antisocial behaviour

A

acting in ways that increase chances of own survival and reproductive success at the cost of someone else’s

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24
Q

altruism

A

success is seen with all offspring by an individual raised well including close relatives

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25
Q

inclusive fitness

A

reproductive success of both individual and their close genetic relatives (helping close genetic relatives also sees their shared genes successfully pass on to more generations)

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26
Q

Cinderella effect

A

parents form stronger bonds to own children, which is why the risk for step children to be harmed by step parents is higher

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27
Q

reciprocal cooperation

A

involves providing a non-related individual a benefit on basis that they will return favour and thereby increase survival and reproductive success

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28
Q

cheating behaviour

A

accepting benefit without reciprocating favour

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29
Q

parenting effort

A

that proportion of the total reproductive effort invested in rearing offspring (encourages pro-social behaviour)

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30
Q

mating effort

A

proportion of total reproductive effort allotted to acquiring sexual partners
- signs are numerous sex partners and early onset of sexual behaviour

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31
Q

female reproductive strategies

A

reproductive success: ability to secure mates to assist them in raising offspring
- parenting effort

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32
Q

male reproductive strategies

A

reproductive success: multiple strategies

- mating effort

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33
Q

intrasexual competition

A

rivalry among the members of one sex, usually for mates or resources
- males: an evolved psychological desire for status, power, and material resources

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34
Q

neuropsychology

A

study of the brain, its functions, and its role in behaviours and psychological processes

35
Q

frontal lobe

A

greater interest in study of criminal behaviour because:

  • largest area
  • higher order thinking
  • planning
  • decision-making including inhibitions
  • aspects of personality
36
Q

lateralization

A

localization of particular processes or functions to a particular region of the brain

37
Q

Organic Brain Syndrome (OBS)

A

diseases (usually not psychiatric disorders), that result in decreased mental functioning

  • head trauma or injury
  • strokes
  • degenerative diseases (Parkinson’s)
  • acute infections
  • low levels of oxygen to the brain
38
Q

brain plasticity

A

the brain’s ability to change structure and function (greatest in childhood)

39
Q

limbic system

A

interconnected subcortical brain structures

  • responsible for survival drives
  • feeding, fleeing, fighting, mating
  • fight or flight response
  • emotion
40
Q

hemispheric asymmetry

A

the asymmetrical distribution or lateralization of particular functions to one hemisphere of the brain (such as language)

41
Q

nervous system

A

comprehensive network of nerve cells that regulates and coordinates all the body’s activities

42
Q

endocrine system

A

a network of glands that secretes hormones into the bloodstream, regulating several essential functions, including growth, metabolism, and sexual development

43
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers that convey “info” in form of an electrically charged signal from neuron to neuron, and from brain structure to brain structure

44
Q

dopamine

A
  • operates like a biochemical switch, activating other neurotransmitter systems
  • involved in approach-oriented, or exploratory, behaviours and pleasure-seeking actions
  • higher levels are associated with higher levels of aggression
45
Q

norepinephrine

A
  • “anti adrenaline”
  • plays a role in a number of functions governed in ANS, including fight or flight response
  • higher levels = higher levels of aggression
46
Q

serotonin (5-HT)

A
  • plays a role in several emotional and behavioural processes, including mood, appetite, and sleep regulation and behavioural inhibition
  • low levels may reduce our ability to inhibit behavioural impulses, resulting in a high-risk, impulsive behavioural style
47
Q

behavioural activation system

A
  • “engine of behaviour”
  • activates approach behaviours in response to cues for reward or non punishment
  • dopamine, norepinephrine, limbic system
48
Q

behavioural inhibition system

A
  • “behavioural braking system”
  • signals punishment, non-reward, novel stimuli, and innate fear stimuli
  • regulates responsiveness to aversive stimuli
  • serotonin, prefrontal cortex, frontal lobe
49
Q

hormones

A
  • chemical messengers that participate in regulation of several vital bodily functions including growth, metabolism, and sexual development
  • slow acting messenger system via bloodstream that produces diffuse and long-lasting changes
50
Q

social dominance

A

social behaviours designed to achieve higher ranking or status in social or peer groups

51
Q

psychophysiology

A

study of relationship between underlying physical and chemical functions of living organisms and their psychological states

52
Q

skin conductance

A
  • the measure of change in the skin’s resistance to electrical currents
  • indirect indicator of emotional state
  • low levels consistent with poor fear conditioning, so should be predictive of stimulation seeking and low levels of empathy (precursors to criminal and violent behaviour)
53
Q

heart rate

A
  • low resting heart rate is correlated with several measures of criminal and violent behaviour
  • psychopaths with lower resting heart rates seek more stimulation to raise their heart rate
54
Q

Patterson’s coercion theory

A

idea that early onset of criminal and violent behaviour develops out of a family environment characterized by coercive and ineffective parent-child interactions

55
Q

coercive family interactions

A

a pattern of dynamic child-parent interactions wherein the aversive behaviours of one individual elicit an equally aversive response from others, resulting in an escalation of dysfunctional behaviours toward one another

56
Q

cumulative disadvantage

A

early developmental and socio-economic difficulties that create subsequent developmental problems fro individuals over the life course (difficulties build on one another)

57
Q

life course persistent offender

A
  • life long pattern of antisocial behaviour
  • small group, persistent, and pathological
  • difficult temperaments in childhood
  • high risk environment
  • offending is more pervasive and serious
58
Q

adolescence limited offender

A
  • anti social behaviour begins in adolescence and desists in young adulthood
  • normative offenders
  • account for majority of delinquent behaviour
  • not characterized by difficult temperaments in infancy
  • social mimicry
  • shifting reinforcement contingencies
  • critics of Moffitt’s theory suggest that all desist from crime
59
Q

age graded theory of informal social control

A

developed by John Laub and Robert Sampson, which argues that individuals desist from crime when they are subject to informal social controls

60
Q

structural turning points

A

life events that reintroduce the importance of informal social control into lives

61
Q
  • pre-natal birth complications

- peri-natal birth complications

A
  • developmental difficulties experienced prior to birth caused by factors such as exposure to toxins during gestation
  • developmental problems experienced immediately before or after birth
62
Q

externalizing behaviour disorders

A
  • a category of mental disorders that are characterized by behavioural indicators such as fighting, impulsivity, lying, or stealing
  • attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
  • oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)
  • conduct disorder (CD)
63
Q

parental monitoring

A
  • parental awareness
  • limit setting
  • protective factor
64
Q

homophily

A

peer-rejected children are more likely to socialize with like-minded peers

65
Q

psycho-dynamic perspective

A

personality is a product of a dynamic interaction between conscious and unconscious mental structures

66
Q

trait perspective

A

personality is combination of various stable dispositional qualities that a person exhibits

67
Q

id

A

basic unconscious human drives (pleasure principle: food, shelter, pleasure)

68
Q

ego

A

regulation of id impulses according to environmental demands (reality principle)

69
Q

superego

A

conscience; internalized standards of right and wrong (socialization)

70
Q

defence mechanisms

A
  • unconscious processes employed by the ego to protect the psyche against unacceptable levels or anxiety
  • displacement: transferring a feeling that causes discomfort into another usually less threatening
  • reaction formation: substituting unacceptable behaviour, thoughts, or feelings, with the direct opposite
71
Q

hydraulic model of aggression

A

our innate aggressive tendencies will build up like water in a dam if they are not channelled or released
- the build up of pressure will result in an explosion of aggression if there is no release (catharsis)

72
Q

attachment theory

A

the idea that early relationships and bonds formed with caregivers in infancy, significantly influence our capacity to form meaningful relationships with others as a result

73
Q

cardinal traits

A

dominant personality traits that are externally characteristic of an individual

74
Q

central traits

A

general characteristics that form the basic foundation of personality but are not necessarily dominant aspects of an individual’s dispositional style

75
Q

secondary traits

A

related to specific attitudes or preferences and typically appear only in certain situations or under specific circumstances

76
Q

psychoticism

A

generally characterized by aggression, tough-mindedness, egotism, non-conforming, and coldness

77
Q

extraversion

A

generally characterized by thrill-seeking, sociability, impulsivity

78
Q

introversion

A

unsociable, cautious, and emotionally controlled

79
Q

neuroticism

A

generally characterized by high levels of emotional reactivity, anxiety, anger, guilt, depressed mood

80
Q

impulsivity

A

a broad personality trait characterized by stimulation-seeking behaviours and an inclination to initiate behaviours without adequate forethought

81
Q

personality disorders

A

an enduring pattern of thinking and feeling about oneself and others that significantly and adversely affects how one functions in many aspects

82
Q

antisocial personality disorder

A

a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others occurring since the age of 15

83
Q

narcissistic personality disorder

A

a pervasive pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy

Crim 103 (2 decks)

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