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Endosymbiotic theory > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Astrology

A

the study of the origin, evolution, distribution and future life in the universe

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2
Q

What was the big bang theory?

A

hypothesized because other galaxies are moving away from our own at great speeds and in different directions, thought to be from a great explosion

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3
Q

what are the 4 types of endosymbiosis and describe each

A
  1. Mutualistic (each organism gets something from the relationship)
  2. Commensal (one benefits and the other doesn’t)
  3. Parasitic (one benefits and other has a cost)
  4. Obligate (endosymbiont and host cannot live without one another)
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4
Q

what were the 7 steps to the big bang theory?

A
  1. cosmos go through super inflation expanding in size
  2. post inflation the universe is a seething hot soup
  3. rapid cooling cosmos permits clumping of protons and neutrons
  4. after 1 second, charged atoms, electrons and protons prevent light from shining the universe into a superfog
  5. electrons combine with protons and neutrons to form atoms, hydrogen and helium, light can finally shine
  6. gravity makes hydrogen gas coalese to form giant clouds that will form galaxies, small clumps of gas to form stars
  7. as galaxies cluster together under gravity the first stars die and spew elements into space, will eventually form new stars
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5
Q

briefly describe the formation of solar systems

A
  • clouds flatten and spin, dust and gas, large interstellar gas clouds contract under gravity, sun in center planets in disk
  • hydrogen and helium remain gaseous , other materials created into seeds warm temps allow formation of rocks and minerals, cold temps contain abundant ice
  • solid seeds collide and stick , terrestrial planets are built with rock and metal
  • solar winds blow gas into space
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6
Q

what are the 5 steps to planetary formation?

A
  1. accretion
  2. heating and melting
  3. core formation and loss of primitive atmosphere
  4. cooling and crust formation intense bombardment 3.5 billion YA
  5. geological activity volcanic outgassing, cratering, erosion, tectonics
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7
Q

what are some characteristics of modern day earth that make it habitable?

A
  • oxygen
  • temp
  • water
  • nutrients
  • atmosphere
  • axis tilt and rotation from sun
  • sun, heat
  • ozone layer
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8
Q

Homeostasis

A

Regulation of the internal environment to maintain a constant state

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9
Q

what are the 6 characteristics of life?

A
  1. homeostasis
  2. Reproduction
  3. Growth and maintnence
  4. response to stimuli
  5. Organization at the cellular level
  6. adaptation ability to change over a period in response to the environment
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10
Q

By reviewing the impacts of meteors wee can estimate the age of _______

A

earth

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11
Q

Stromatalites

A

produced by biofilms, made up of cyanobacteria

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12
Q

what 3 componants must be satisfied in order to tell that microfossils are of biological origin?

A
  1. mm scale morhphology
  2. carbon isotope composition of the fossils or associated materials
  3. chemical composition of the objects
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13
Q

what are the two stable isotopes of carbon?

A

carbon 12 and 13

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14
Q

what is the biotic ration of carbon 12 due due a preference of enzymes

A

92

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15
Q

list 3 characteristics of very early earth

A
  • no atmosphere
  • volcanic activity
  • bombardment of many objects from space
  • outgasssing of water vapour, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen and hydrgen
  • very hot
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16
Q

what happened to earth about 3800 mya?

A
  • planet starts to cool
  • water condenses to form oceans
  • volcanic activity
  • atm starts to form comprised of N, Co, water vapour , H and CH3
  • high levels of UV radiation
    torrential rain and lighting
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17
Q

exogenesis

A

the hypothesis that primitive life may have originally formed extra terrestrially, either in space or on a nearby planet such as Mars.this earth was given life by meteroids etc. required life to be able to travel through space, survive impacts

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18
Q

Abiogenesis

A

the idea of life originating from non-living material (non-life). rose from simple organic compounds,

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19
Q

can life travel through space?

A

horneck put spored of bacterium bacillus subtilus into space for two weeks, spores exposed to radiation didnt survive but spores protected did

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20
Q

can life survive impact with earth?

A

tested by burchell, fired projectiles coated with bacteria at 3.8/4.9 km/s at rock, glass, metal etc

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21
Q

What is SETI?

A

search for extraterrestrial intelligence

22
Q

what is a requirements for abiogeneis?

A

formation of monomers must be possible under conditions of early earth

23
Q

what was the urey miller expierment?

A

created the basic aspects of life under conditions that mimicked what was known about conditions of early earth, different chmabers, one with heat, water and another with gases

24
Q

what was the outcome of the urey miller expierment?

A

created 22 amino acids

25
Q

what was a problem with the urey miller expierment

A

relies upon reducing atmosphere on early earth and certain types of gases present

26
Q

what was significant about Joan Oro?

A

demonstrated prebiotic synthesis of nucleobase adenine from hydrogen cyanide in 1959-1962

27
Q

what was kamimura and kaneko famous for?

A

fast reproducing molecules and slow reproduces molecules diffuse into a primitive cellular strcture

28
Q

what were the two theories behind organic molecules to protocells?

A
  1. genes first RNA world self replicating and catalytic RNA

2. Metabolism first several hypothesis must have organization and harness energy before storage of information

29
Q

what was the RNA world hypothesis?

A

hypothesis that RNA predated DNA and protein synthesis

30
Q

what were the requirements for the RNA world hypothesis?

A
  • building blocks of RNA must be present (nitrogenous base and phosphate backround)
  • RNA must have been able to organize itself and store information and preform metabolism
31
Q

who synthesized the building blocks of RNA using sugar moieties to purine precusrosrs and prebiotic conditions?

A

Powner 2009

32
Q

what were two metabolism first models?

A

iron sulfur world and deep hot biosphere model

33
Q

what was iron sulfur world?

A

iron sulfide minerals provide a surface for life to develop on, hydrothermal vents could provide energy and source elements

34
Q

what was Deep hot biosphere model?

A
  • life developed in the core of the earth

- fueled by gases escaping the core

35
Q

describe prkaryotes

A

lack membrane bound organelles, lack nucelus

36
Q

what are the 2 domains of prokaryotes?

A

bacteria and archaea

37
Q

who was the first person to observe bacteria?

A

antonie van leeuwnhoek

38
Q

what was animacules?

A

antonie van leeuwenhoek called bacteria this

39
Q

who was louis pasteur?

A

best known for work on disease, invented pasteuriztion, originator of germ theory of disease, disproved spontaneous generation

40
Q

who invented the first antibiotic based on staining of syphilis bacteria?

A

paul ehrlich

41
Q

who discovered peniilin ?

A

alexander flemming won the nobel prize in 1945

42
Q

who was carl woese?

A

sequenced ribosomal RNA 16s from prokaryotes, used this to sequence the pathogenetic tree

43
Q

who defined archaea as a new domain of life?

A

carl woese

44
Q

what are the 5 identified phyla of archaea?

A
  1. crenarchaeota
  2. euryarchaeota
  3. korarchaeota
  4. nanoarchaeota
  5. thaumarchaeota
45
Q

what phyla of archaea is only found in hydrothermal vents at high temps?

A

kararchaeota

46
Q

what phyla of archaea has one of the smallest known genomes?

A

nanoarchaea

47
Q

what was the new division found in 2008 of archaea?

A

thaumarchaeota

48
Q

do gram negative bacteria retain dye? what colour are they?

A

no and they are usually pink

49
Q

whats gram + bacteria?

A

retain the crystal violet dye and stain purple

50
Q

cyanobacteria is capabel of oxygen _____

A

photosynthesis

51
Q

which bacteria is used in botox injections?

A

bothcilism

52
Q

what is the oldest group of bacteria?

A

firmicutes

Endosymbiotic theory (4 decks)

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