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Public Health 202 > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Leading causes of death: Past

A

pneumonia, tuberculosis, diarrhea

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2
Q

Leading causes of death: Present

A

Heart disease, cancer, strokes, chronic lower respiratory diseases, accidents

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3
Q

Epidemic

A

occurrence in a community or region of cases of an illness, specific health-related behavior, or other health-related event clearly in excess of normal expectancy.

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4
Q

Pandemic

A

Epidemics that spread across continents

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5
Q

Public health approach

A

Surveillance: What is the problem?
Risk Factor Identification: What is the cause?
Intervention Selection: What Works?
Implementation: How do you do it?

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6
Q

Health determinants

A

Genes and biology
Health behaviors
Social or societal characteristics
Health services or medical care

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7
Q

Public Sector

A

An organization owned and operated by the government; might have the power to carry out laws and may be funded by taxes. Examples:

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8
Q

Private Sector

A

A non-government agency can either be for profit (profit goes to owner, pays taxes) or not for profit (Profit reinvested into organization, has no owners, does not pay taxes) Examples:

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9
Q

Quarantine

A

The compulsory physical separation of those with a disease or at high risk of developing a disease from the rest of the population.

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10
Q

Isolation

A

separate ill persons who have a communicable disease from those who are healthy.

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11
Q

Public health service

A

Overseen by U.S surgeon general. Includes agencies that have the mission to improve the health of every individual by conducting research, engineering, overseeing, studying, and promoting public health.

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12
Q

Public health approach

A

Surveillance
Risk Factor Identification
Intervention Evaluation
Implementation

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13
Q

Purpose of epidemiology

A

Discover: The agent, host, and environmental factors that affect health.
Determine: The relative importance of causes of illness, disability, and death.
Identify: Those segments of the population that have the greatest risk from specific causes of ill health.
Evaluate: The effectiveness of health programs and services in improving population health.

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14
Q

Steps of solving health problems

A

Step 1-Data collection: Surveillance, determine time, place, and person
Step 2-Assessment: Inference
Step 3-Hypothesis testing: Determine how and why
Step 4-Action: Intervention

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15
Q

Incidence rate

A

Number of people infected/Population at risk x Multipler =Incidence Rate

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16
Q

Prevalence rate

A

Number of persons ill/(Total # in the group at a point in time) x Multiplier=Prevalence Rate

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17
Q

Types of epidemiology studies: Experimental

A

The investigators can control certain factors within the study from the beginning. Example: a vaccine efficacy trial that might be conducted be the NIH. The investigators randomly control who receives the test vaccine and who does not among a limited group of participants; they then observe the outcome to determine if it should be used more widely.

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18
Q

Types of epidemiology studies: Observational

A

: Does not control the circumstances. These studies can be further subdivided into descriptive and analytic.
Descriptive: The epidemiologist collects information that characterizes and summarizes the health event or problem.
Analytic: Epidemiologist relies on comparisons between different groups to determine the role of different causative conditions or risk factors.

19
Q

Data sources and collections

A

Individual persons: Questionnaire, Survey.
Environment: Samples from the environment (river water, soil), Sensors for environmental changes.
Health care providers: Notifications to health department is cases of certain diseases are observed.
Non-health- related sources (financial, legal): Sales records, Court records.

20
Q

Cross-sectional study

A

Cross-Sectional study: Similar to a survey in that it provides a snapshot of the population at a point in time. Epidemiologist defines the target population, then collects data from the population or a subset of the population at one specific point in time.

21
Q

Cohort study

A

The epidemiologist selects a population, then categorizes each person by whether he or she was exposed to one or more risk factors of interest. Participants are followed over time to determine if a disease or condition develops.

22
Q

Case-control study

A

Compares one group who has a disease or health condition, referred to as case-patients, with a group that does not, referred to as control subjects. The epidemiologist works backward from the illness or health condition. Case-patients and control subjects are compared for the presence or absence of one or more specific exposures or risk factors.

23
Q

Investigating an outbreak: Step 1

A

Establishing the existence of an outbreak

• Use data from data sources

24
Q

Investigating an outbreak: Step 2

A

Preparing for field work
• Research the disease
• Gather supplies and equipment
• Arrange travel

25
Q

Investigating an outbreak: Step 3

A

Verifying the diagnosis
• Speak with patients
• Review laboratory findings and clinical test results

26
Q

Investigating an outbreak: Step 4

A

Defining and identifying cases

• Establish a case definition by using a standard set of criteria

27
Q

Investigating an outbreak: Step 5

A

Using descriptive epidemiology

• Describe and orient the data

28
Q

Means of Transmission

A 
Directly from one person to another
Aerosols (cough/sneeze)
Touching contaminated object and putting hands in mouth/nose/eyes
•	Fecal-oral route
Vectors (insects/animals)
Sexual contact
Carriers
29
Q

Primary level of prevention

A

Protection of health before disease begins; Alter susceptibility or exposure disease

30
Q

Secondary level of prevention

A

Early detection and prompt and effective intervention to decrease the duration of disease or prolong life.
• Screening
o Quick and inexpensive tests to identify unrecognized disease.
o Done for large asymptomatic populations.
• Medical therapy
o Treatment under the care of an MD to cure or reduce the symptoms of a specific disease.

31
Q

Tertiary level of prevention

A

Reduce or eliminate long-term impairments and disabilities to make the disease less severe.

32
Q

Immune System

A

Protects the body from harmful influences from the environment and is essential for survival. It is made up of different organs, cells, and proteins and aside from the nervous system, it is the most complex system that the human body has.

33
Q

John Snow and Cholera

A

John Snow, British Physician, considered father of epidemiology; found the cause of the cholera outbreak in London in 1854

34
Q

Robert Koch

A

developed experimental method to test if a microorganism is cause of a disease, showed bacillus anthracis was cause of anthrax.

35
Q

CDC

A

Centers for Disease control and Prevention; main epidemiological and assessment agency for the nation.

36
Q

NIH

A

National Institutes of Health; Greatest biomedical research complex in the world.

37
Q

FDA

A

Food and Drug Administration; ensures the safety, efficacy, etc. of food, drugs and more.

38
Q

Reasons for Control of Infectious Diseases

A 
Immunization
Antibiotics
Public health measures
•	Purification of water
•	Proper disposal of sewage 
•	Pasteurization of milk
•	Improved nutrition and personal hygiene
39
Q

Eradication

A

Permanent reduction to zero of the worldwide incidence of infection caused by a specific agent as a result of deliberate efforts; intervention measures are no longer needed.

40
Q

Drug Resistance

A

Repeated and improper uses of antibiotics are primary causes of the increase in drug-resistant bacteria. This includes animals.

41
Q

TB

A

Tuberculosis; leading cause of infectious-disease death worldwide.
– One third of the world population is infected.
– There was a resurgence in the U.S. in the early 1990s.
• People with HIV are at much higher risk.
• TB is transmitted by aerosol.
• Fatality rate is 50% for untreated TB.

42
Q

Emerging Diseases

A 
Diseases whose incidence in humans has increased within the past few decades or threatens to increase in the near future.
Examples:
•	Ebola
•	Monkey pox
•	Hantavirus
•	Other hemorrhagic fevers
•	West Nile virus
•	SARS
•	Zika
43
Q

HIV

A

Was first recognized in the U.S. in 1981.
• Is now a worldwide killer.
• Is caused by a retrovirus.
• Attacks the immune system.
• Screening test recognizes antibodies.
• We can measure viruses in the blood.
• Now many drugs are available but no cure.

44
Q

Public Health response

A 
Global surveillance
•	Improved public health capacity
•	Veterinary surveillance
•	Reduction of inappropriate use of antibiotics
•	Institute of Medicine recommendations:
–	New vaccines
–	New antimicrobial drugs

Public Health 202 (1 decks)

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