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Neuroscience > midterm > Flashcards

midterm Flashcards

1
Q

what is used to treat patients with depression that is not responsive to drugs or therapy?

A

ECT (Electro shock therapy) why does it work? (trick question, no one knows)

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2
Q

the medical model

A

abnormal behaviour is a disease

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3
Q

Etiology

A

What caused the illness

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4
Q

prognosis

A

what are the short/long term consequences of the illness

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5
Q

What is a disability-adjusted life year?

A

one lost year of healthy life due to disease or disability

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6
Q

what can a lack of leptin cause?

A

Obesity

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7
Q

What does the central nervous system consist of

A

brain and spinal cord

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8
Q

what does the peripheral nervous system consist of?

A

somatic and autonomic nervous system

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9
Q

what does the somatic nervous system consist of

A

efferent (outgoing) nerves

afferent (incoming) nerves

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10
Q

what does the autonomic nervous system do and what does it consist of

A

regulate homeostasis
sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight)
parasympathetic nervous system (rest and digest)

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11
Q

what are the hollow spaces that cushion the brain called

A

ventricles, filled with cerebrospinal fluid

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12
Q

meninges

A

membranes that protect the brain and spinal cord

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13
Q

what are the two main types of brain cells and what do they do

A

neurons-processing units

glian cells-support neurons, create myelin sheath

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14
Q

what is grey matter made of

A

cell bodies and blood vessels

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15
Q

what is white matter made of

A

neural axons (tracts)

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16
Q

a large collection of axons in the cns is called a

A

tract, what do tracts do? (connect nuclei to eachother)

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17
Q

a large collection of axons in the pns is called a

A

nerve

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18
Q

the brains outer layer of grey matter is called

A

the cerebral cortex, which is part of the cerebrum

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19
Q

the cortex is responsible for

A

our higher level functions and consciousness

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20
Q

the forebrain is responsible for

A

emotions and complex thought

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21
Q

the midbrain is responsible for

A

senses

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22
Q

the hindbrain is responsible for

A

vital functions

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23
Q

monitoring brain electrical activity

A

non invasive
electroencephalography (eeg) (study sleep)
Electrical stimulation (esb)
Transcranial magnetic stimulation

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24
Q

brian imaging

A 
computerized tomography (cat) (xray)
positron emission (pet) (radioactive transmttor)
mri (magnetic imaging)
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25
Q

the cerebral cortex is made up of what lobes and what are their functions

A 
frontal lobe (motor control, executive function)
occipital lobe (vision)
26
Q

structures that make up forebrain

A

thalamus
hypothalamus
limbic system
cerebrum cerebral cortex

27
Q

structures that make up midbrain

A

dopaminergic projections
reticular activating system
medulla pons and cerebellum

28
Q

4 steps of synaptic transmission

A
  1. neurotransmittors stored in presynaptic axon terminal
  2. action potential stimulates release of neurotransmittors into synaptic cleft
  3. neurotransmittors bind to receptors
  4. cause excitatory or inhibitory potential
29
Q

the cerebral cortex is made up of what lobes and what are their functions

A 
frontal lobe (motor control, executive function)
occipital lobe (vision), parietal lobe (touch, sense of self in space) temporal (auditory, language, taste)
30
Q

two pathways that are involved in stress response

A

SAM (fast) alarm phase

HPA (slow) prolonged stress

31
Q

summarize this is your brain in meltdown article

A

stress can impair cognition through lack of stimulation to prefrontal cortex

32
Q

summarize this is your brain in meltdown article

A

stress can impair cognition through lack of stimulation to prefrontal cortex
early survival instinct

33
Q

excitatory vs inhibitory potentials

A

excitatory increases likelihood of action potential, inhibitory decreases likelihood

34
Q

ligands do what

A

bind to and activate receptors (ex neurotransmitters and hormones)

35
Q

4 ways of deactivating neurotransmittors

A

diffusion (swept away)
degradation (broken down)
reuptake (recycled)
glial cells (take up stray neurotransmitters)

36
Q

histone methylation

A

condensed chromatin, cannot be transcribed

37
Q

the cortex is made up of

A

gyrus (bumps) and sulcus (grooves)

38
Q

cerebellum is involved in

A

motor coordiantion

39
Q

corpus callosum

A

connects two hemispheres of brain

40
Q

3 parts of limbic system

A 
cingulate cortex (emotional processing and memory)
amygdala (fear and emotionally charged memories)
hippocampus (long term memories)
41
Q

basal ganglia is responsible for

A

controlling movement and learning

42
Q

parts of basal ganglia

A

striatum, globus pallidus, substantia nigra

43
Q

diencephalon contains

A

thalamus (gateway for sensory)

hypothalamus (homeostasis, regulates hormones)

44
Q

midbrain does what

A

produces dopamine

45
Q

hindbrain contains

A

pons (connects cerebellum to brainstem)

medulla (breathing and heart rate, connects brain to spinal cord)

46
Q

cerebellum is responsible for

A

complex movements, higher cognition, spatial, emotions

47
Q

parts of a neuron

A

axon (carries information to be passed on to other cells)
myelin (insulates axon increasing speed and efficiency of signal conduction)
dendrites (gather information from other neurons)

48
Q

how does information flow through a neuron

A

Dendrites> Cell body>Axon>Axon terminal

49
Q

synapse

A

point of contact between two neurons

50
Q

presynaptic neuron
synaptic cleft
postsynaptic neuron

A

pre sends signals
cleft is empty space
post receives signal

51
Q

endocrine glands

A

release hormones within body

52
Q

exocrine glands

A

secrete fluids outside body

53
Q

Major parts of brain

A

Diencephalon
Midbrain
Hindbrain

54
Q

3 major hormone classes

A

Amines
Peptides
Steroids

55
Q

Hierarchal control of hormones

A

Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Endocrine gland
Target

56
Q

Which cells produce myelin

A

Oligo in cns and Schwann in pns

57
Q

Protein functions

A

Structure
Chemical reactions
Cell signalling

58
Q

3 ways hormonal and neural communication is similar

A

produce and store chemicals
bind to receptors
some chemicals can act as hormones or neurotransmitters

59
Q

4 ways neural and hormonal communication differ

A

neural is precise, hormones spreads throughout body
neural messages are rapid, hormone is slower
neurons only have a short distance to travel
neural can be voluntary while hormones are involuntary

60
Q

meninges

A

dura>Arachnoid>pia mater

Neuroscience (1 decks)

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