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Ethics > midterm > Flashcards

midterm Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 5 dimensions of professional ethics

A
  1. having sufficient knowledge, skills, judgement, and character to practice in a competent manner
    - having the proper education to practice competently
  2. respecting human dignity and freedom of the client
  3. using power responsibly
  4. acting in such a way that promotes public confidence in the profession
  5. placing the welfare of the client as the higher priority
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2
Q

what are the 4 resources psychologists can consult when facing an ethical dilemma

A
  1. literature from developmental psychology
  2. the ethical code from professional associations
  3. philosophy
  4. books, articles, and peers
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3
Q

what is moral sensitivity

A

the process of recognizing the situation as one with implications for the welfare of others

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4
Q

what is moral reasoning

A

the process of thinking through the alternative once a situation has been recognized as having moral decision

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5
Q

what is moral motivation

A

once a person has evaluated the options and determined which is most moral, then the person must decide wether to act

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6
Q

what is moral character

A

one must carry out the moral action to its conclusion even if resistance is encountered

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7
Q

what are the advantages of the codes of ethics

A
  • they support the professional when faced with an ethical question
  • they demonstrate that mental health professionals take their responsibility to protect public welfare seriously
  • they furnish members with a definition of what their collogues consider to be fundamental ethical values
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8
Q

what are the limitations of the code

A
  • they don’t uniformly address cutting edge issues. Since new forms of practice and new populations are changing daily it is hard for the codes to keep up as the minute they publish a new code it might already be outdated
  • mental health professionals typically work with a diverse population so the codes are written broadly and its application to one setting is limited. There are no strict guidelines to each part of the code and it is kind of open ended
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9
Q

define ethical principles

A

respect for autonomy, beneficence, non-malefience, fidelity, and justice

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10
Q

define ethical theories

A

the most fundamental definitions of what defines ethical behaviour

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11
Q

define virtue ethics

A

integrity, prudence, trustworthiness, compassion, respectfulness, conscientiousness, discernment

discernment: the ability to judge well

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12
Q

feminist theory

A

emphasizes systemic variables such as the power of the participants within the system and the impact of race, class , and oppression on the decision making processing

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13
Q

define social constructivist model of ethical decision making

A

an ethical choice is viewed as primarily a socially interactive process and not a process that is internal to the individual

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14
Q

define positive ethics perspective

A

an approach ethics that encourages practitioners to frame ethical action according to ethical ideals

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15
Q

define ethical acculturation

A

a process that involves the integration of personal moral values with professional ethical values, to develop an ethical indenity

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16
Q

define intuitive judgement

A

spontaneous ethical judgement motivated by emotion or by a person’s ordinary moral sense

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17
Q

define critical evaluative judgement

A

a deliberate process in which professionals justify ethical decisions based on consideration of the facts involved and consistency with professional values, virtues, and accepted standard for practice

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18
Q

Welfels 10-step model of ethical decision making

A
  1. Becoming sensitive to the moral dimensions of practice
  2. Identify all the relevant facts, sociocultural context, and stakeholders
  3. Define the central issues in the dilemma and the available options
  4. Refer to professional ethical standards and relevant laws and regulations
  5. Search out the relevant ethics literature
  6. Apply fundamental ethical principles and theories to the situation
  7. Consult the colleagues about the dilemma
  8. Deliberate independently and decide
  9. Inform appropriate people and implement the decision
  10. Reflect on the actions taken
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19
Q

define stakeholder

A

a person or group of people likely to be helped or harmed by the counsellors actions

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20
Q

define respect for autonomy

A

respect for the inherent freedom and dignity of any person

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21
Q

what are the limitations to the principle of respect for autonomy

A

one’s actions cannot interfere with the freedom of others and autonomy must be based on an understanding of the meaning and implications of one’s choices

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22
Q

define the right to privacy and to freedom of choice

A

the right to have control over what others know about his or her life

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23
Q

define non- maleficence

A

first, do no harm. avoiding any preventable risks that might cause harm to the client

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24
Q

define beneficence

A

the responsibility to do good. the obligations to do ones best to help and to offer alternatives when treatment does not appear to be working

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25
Q

define fidelity

A

faithfulness to promises made and to the truth

26
Q

define justice

A

called for professionals to recognize the dignity of all people and avoid biases in professional action

27
Q

what is the moral law theory

A

argues that there are universal moral values that must be absolutely followed

28
Q

what is utilitarianism

A

a theory that defines morality in terms of the benefits an action provides for society

choosing the options that creates the biggest happiness for society or everyone involved

Morality is an action that brings the greatest happiness to the greatest number

29
Q

define multiculturalism

A

idea that there are multiple cultures and values. There are different people and different societies living in one bigger society

30
Q

define cultural relativism

A

the idea that ideas, values, morality, etc. are specific to culture. What may be acceptable in one culture might not be acceptable in another. In cultural relativism we need to be understanding and open to knowing the values, ideas, and morals of another culture

31
Q

what is psychology’s fourth force

A

the change that psychologists must become more culturally diverse. the attention to the diversity of clients in the mental health field has become so intense hence the idea of fourth force

32
Q

4 components of counselling competencies and standards

A
  1. Awareness of the influence one’s own cultural heritage on his or her experiences, attitudes, values, and behaviours and the way in which that culture limits or enhances effectiveness with diverse clients
  2. Comfort with cultural differences and with clients from diverse cultures, and an attitude that values and appreciates cultural differences
  3. Honesty, negative emotional reactions, and preconceived notions about other cultures and the recognition of their harmful effects on clients, and commitment to changing such attitudes
  4. Respect and appreciation for culturally different beliefs and attitudes
33
Q

competencies required for dealing with of multiculturally diverse clients

A

(1) self-awareness, understanding of one’s own cultural heritage and the impact of racism and discrimination on self and others
(2) knowledge of other cultures and the impact of culture on human behaviour
(3) skills in transcultural interventions and in adapting counselling interventions and meet the needs of diverse clientele

34
Q

define culture

A

the “set of shared meanings that make social life possible”

35
Q

define ethnicity

A

the shared identity derived from shared ancestry, nationality, religion, and race

36
Q

define multiculturalism

A

a “social-intellectual movement that promotes the value of diversity as a core principle and insists that all cultural groups be treated with respect and as equals”

37
Q

define prejudice

A

the positive or negative evaluation of social groups and their members

38
Q

define culture-centred practice

A

a term endorsed by psychology to refer to the cultural lens psychologists should use as a central focus in their work

39
Q

define a minority

A

a group that has suffered discrimination or been oppressed

40
Q

define culturally diverse clients

A

clients from any group that is represented in the definition of minority or are otherwise of a different cultural tradition from the professional or from those who hold a more dominant position in society

41
Q

what should you do when a client expresses prejudicial ideas

A
  • Professionals must be respectful but cannot endorse actions in direct opposition to professional values and standards. They must not impose their values, but must stand by them
  • Sometimes educating clients can be useful, it done respectfully
42
Q

what are the essential components of competence

A
  • knowledge
  • skill
  • scope of practice
  • diligence
43
Q

when is competence achieved

A
  • A competent individual is always seeking to enhance current skills and knowledge
  • When you are competent and your skills are very well developed and they are on par with the skills of other professionals in your field
44
Q

what are the criteria for identifying acceptable training

A

(1) is based on scientific evidence, objectively obtained;
(2) includes sufficient classroom time to absorb the new material;
(3) is offered by a professional with expertise in the area, and
(4) provides opportunities for supervised practice and/or recommendations for obtaining additional supervised experience

45
Q

what is the clean well-lit room standard

A

Any action that a practitioner would feel comfortable describing in an open discussion with his or her peers is likely to be appropriate

46
Q

what are the components of burnout

A
  • emotional exhaustion
  • loss of sense of accomplishment
  • depersonalization
47
Q

what are the 9 limits of confidentiality

A
  1. Client requests to release information to a third party
  2. Court orders for confidential information
  3. Litigation against mental health professionals by clients
  4. Litigation in which the client voluntarily discloses mental health treatment as part of the case
  5. Mandated reporting required by federal and provincial government
  6. Client is dangerous to others
  7. Knowledge of future crimes
  8. Knowledge of communicable life- threatening diseases
  9. Terminal illness
48
Q

define privileged communication

A

the clients right to prevent a court from demanding that a mental health professional reveal material disclosed in a confidential professional relationship

49
Q

define privilege

A

: the rules for preventing involuntary disclosures requested by parities in a legal action

50
Q

define subpoena

A

a legal demand to appear to give testimony

51
Q

define subpoena duces tecum

A

a command to appear in court and bring along specific documents

52
Q

4 exceptions to parental consent for mental health services from minors

A
  1. A mature minor, a minor capable of understanding treatment and its consequences. Usually minors nearing the age of majority are most likely ruled mature by a court
  2. A minor who has been legally emancipated
  3. Any minor can be treated if immediate is urgently needed however parents must be informed as soon as possible after the emergency is resolved
  4. Allows minors to receive medical and psychological treatment without parental consent when the requirement for parental consent would interfere with the minors willingness to seek treatment (ex. substance abuse or pregnancy, STD)
53
Q

define informed consent

A

the client understands the counselling process and willingly agrees to it

54
Q

what are the core features of informed consent

A
  • Understanding the procedures of informed consent
    Risks and benefits of counselling
  • Limits of confidentiality
  • Logistics to counselling
  • Counsellors qualifications (some have masters, while some have PHD and masters)
  • Alternative options to counselling
55
Q

what is the case of schloendroff vs society of new year hospital

A

ruled that “every human being of adult years and sound mind has a right to determine what shall be done with own body”

56
Q

what happened in the Canterbury vs spence case

A

rules that the “ the duty to disclose is more than a call go speak merely on the patient’s request, or merely to answer the patient’s questions; it is the duty to volunteer, if necessary, information a patient needs for intelligent decision”

57
Q

what happened In the Truman vs Thomas case

A

Physicians have an obligation to explain the medical consequences if the patient refuses treatment

58
Q

what happened in the natanson vs Kline case

A

clarified that disclosure should include the illness, the treatment(s) available, their risks and the probability of their success, and alternatives to treatment and their risks

59
Q

what happened in the Osheroff vs chestnut lodge case

A

required disclosure of alternatives to proposed treatment

60
Q

formats for consent documents

A
  • Client information brochure
  • Frequently asked questions list
  • Declaration of client rights
  • Counselling/psychotherapy contract
  • Consent to treatment form
61
Q

3 conditions of court mandated counselling

A
  1. Voluntariness: Free consent
  2. Capacity: fundamental ability to understand
  3. Comprehension: ability to comprehend the language in which consent is discussed
62
Q

what does mandated counselling voluntariness come into question?

A

You question whether they are actually volunteering to go to counselling because they want to or if they’re just doing it to avoid paying a fine, doing jail time, going to court, getting charged, etc.

Ethics (2 decks)

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