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Immunology > Midterm Information > Flashcards

Midterm Information Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 shared phases of immune response

A

Recognition, Activation, Effector Function

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2
Q

What are the Cellular components, soluble components and barriers of the Innate Immune System and the
Cellular and soluble Components of Adaptive Immune System

A
  • Innate: Cellular: Monocytes, Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Mast Cells, NK and Dendritic Cells: Humoral: Cytokines, Complement, Antibacterial proteins, acute phase proteins, interferons
  • Adaptive: Celluar: B and T cells: Humoral: Anitbodies and Cytokines
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3
Q

Comparison of properties of Innate and Adaptive responses

A
  • Innate: Rapid, Fixed, Limited, Constant
  • Adaptive: Slow, Variable, Numerous, and improve
  • Both have a common goal of destruction of pathogen.
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4
Q

What is specificity and what molecules convey the property of specificity to the innate system?

A
  • Innate: PRRS recognize PAMPS and DAMPS on macrophages

* Adaptive: MHC, B-cell and T cell receptors

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5
Q

What is clonal selection? To what cell type(s) does it apply?

A

• The selection of specific lymphocytes by a pathogen and leads to a clone of identical cells that can respond to that pathogen. Typically B cells can be T

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6
Q

What is an “effector function”?

A

• Mechanisms used to combat or destroy a pathogen. In innate it involves preformed molecules and cells that require little or no activation. In the adaptive they require a period of activation.

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7
Q

What is phagocytosis? What cells are phagocytic? Is this a property of the innate or adaptive system?

A

• Internalization of another pathogenic cell. Macrophages, Neutrophils and is found in both systems. The innate is is a primary function, in adaptive the cells have to be opsonized.

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8
Q

What is immune memory? How does the existence of memory affect the secondary response or second exposure to an antigen?

A

• The ability of a system to record a response. In memory the second response is much faster and stronger on second exposure to the antigen.

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9
Q

What is the difference between Active and Passive Immunity? Know some eg’s of each.

A
  • Passive: Transfers immune components from an actively immunized individual to a non immunized individual
  • Active: The body creates the immune response. Induced by exposure.
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10
Q

What are two branches of the adaptive immune system

A
  • Humoral: Mediated by antibodies involves B cells and CD4 TH2 cells.
  • Cellular: Mediated by antigen specific cells mostly lymphocytes. CD4 Th1 and CD8
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11
Q

Know the structure of the TCR, TCR gene organization and sources of diversity.

A

• TCR is composed of 1 alpha and 1 beta chain, each chain has 3 hypervariable regions(in alpha and beta) which are contact points for MHC. This is where antigen recognition occurs.

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12
Q

What are the differences between B cell receptors and TCRs?

A

• The TCR receptors need to recognize and bind to self MHC, so it has to recognize MHC which is the function of 2 of the hypervariable regions. The TCR is not produced in secreted form like the B cell it does not perform effector functions, it just initiates a serious of events that active the effect functions of T cells but does not perform them like BCRS. There is no class switching in TCR and no additional diversity.

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13
Q

3 major categories of cellular components of the blood

A
  • RBCS
  • Platelets
  • Leukocytes
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14
Q

5 major categories of leukocytes (WBC) in the blood

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Lymphocytes
  • Monocytes
  • Basophils
  • Eosinophils
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15
Q

What is hematopoiesis? Hematopoietic stem cell, lymphoid and myeloid progenitor cells?

A

• Generation of cellular elements from the blood, all cellular elements derive from a common progenitor cell the plueripotent stem cell. Lymphoid lines give off B and T and NK and Myeloid: give off the granulocytes.

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16
Q

Know physical characteristics (morphology, staining characteristics) and functions of the Cells of the Innate Immune System

A
  • Neutrophils: fail to stain by both acidic and basic dyes, most prevalent of granulocytes, short life span, are the first to arrive cause acute inflammation, Phagocytic. Large reserves in bone marrow.
  • Eosinophil: stains by acidic dyes(eosin) can cause damage to parasite membrane , involved in allergic responses
  • Basophil: stains by basic dyes, helminthes and ticks plays a major role in allergic response
  • Macrophages/Monocytes
  • NK cells; Destruction of virally infected or abnormal host such as tumor cells. ADCC is major job.
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17
Q

Know physical characteristics and functions of the Cells of the Adaptive System

A
  • Lymphocytes: large dense nucleus and ring of cytoplasm
  • B: Plasma cells when differentiated well developed ER and Ab
  • T: CD4 and CD8, destroy intracellular pathogens regulate other lymphocytes.
  • APCs: Bcells,Macrophages,Dendritic: critical link between adaptive and innate
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18
Q

Know: Primary versus secondary lymphoid organs; what happens in each? What are eg.’s of each (3 primary; 4 secondary)? What are general structural features of each?

A
  • Primary: Bone Marrow, Thymus, Bursa of Fab.. everything comes from BM, T cells mature in Thymus
  • Secondary: Lymph nodes, spleen, mucosal immune system, cutaneous, stimulated to respond in these locations.
19
Q

What are locations of MALT (mucosal associated lymphoid tissues)?

A
  • BALT
  • GALT
  • NALT
20
Q

Where do T cells come from? What types of immune responses would an individual who didn’t have any T cells be able to mount?

A

• Precursors originate in the bone marrow, then migrate to the thymus via the blood. Then they travel to the secondary lymphoid tissues. If you do not have T cells then you would not have an adaptive immune response.

21
Q

List the general progression of T-cell development

A
  • Stem Cell=enters outer cortex of thymus from BM, Expresses CD2 at this point.
  • Pro-T cell:Double negative thymocytes. CD4- and CD8-, this means that there is neither at this point. Then gene rearagement of beta, gamma and delta chain happens, at the same time the expression of CD4+ and CD8+ starts and it becomes double positive.
  • Pre-T Cell: expresses TCR beta chain on the surface in associate with a “pre-T” alpha chain and CD3Zeta. If Gamma it will go to the peripheral tissues. If rearangment happens it will express a receptor.
  • Double positive T cell CD4+,CD+, TCR+, then goes through positive and negative selection and more rearangment
  • Mature single positive T cell that is CD4 or CD8
22
Q

with regard to TCR complex acquisition and co-receptor acquisition and order of gene rearrangement. How do we get 2 different categories of T cells (α,β and γ,δ)?

A

• The antigen receptors being either CD4 or CD8 determine which gene rearrangement they have.

23
Q

What happens during positive selection, where does it occur, and what is the purpose of it?

A

• Retain those Tcells that can recognize peptides presented by SELF MHC molecules. It happens in the cortical epithelial cells in the thymus.

24
Q

What happens during negative selection, where does it occur, and what is the purpose of it?

A

• To eliminate that group of cells that were successful in being positively selected by their TCRs have too high an affinity for self-peptide-MHC. Happens by dendritic cells, macrophages and other cells in the thymus.

25
Q

What is the difference between lymphocyte recirculation and lymphocyte homing? What is the purpose of homing? What molecules and factors control homing?

A
  • Homing is directed movement of cells mediated by chemokines and homing receptors of adhesion molecules.
  • Recirculation:generalized movement of cells
26
Q

Where do primary responses to antigen occur and what impact does the location of entry of the antigen have on this location? How do lymphocytes get to a node? To the spleen?

A
  • Blood: microbes transported to the spleen
  • Skin: Microbes transported via afferent lymphatics to nearest lymph node
  • Mucosal surgace: transported to tonsils, BALT or GALT
  • *important to notice that nothing happens on site, it goes to closes draining node.
27
Q

Adhesion molecules: on what cells do we find them? What are they doing? When are they expressed? Know general terms: L-selectin

A

• T Lympho
o L-selectin: binds to endothelial cells
o Integrins: Bind to APCS
o ICAM3: binds to APCS
o IG Superfamily:CD2 binds to LFA-3 on APCs
• Endothelial cell adhesion molecules: on HEV
o Vascular addressings: CD34, GLyCAM1 bring T cells into Nodes
o ICAMS 1 and 2: bind to LFA1 on T cells
• APC:
o Integrins: DC SIGN binds to ICAM3 on T cells
o ICAMS 1and 2 bind to LFA on T cells.

28
Q

What are some examples of innate effector functions?

A

barriers to infection, phagcytosis, direct killing of the pathogen by NK cells and inhibition of growth of intracellular pathogens in infected cells by interferons.

29
Q

What do early innate responses lead to?

A

Inflammation

30
Q

What are some examples of adaptive effector functions

A

Relate to the properties of antibodies they produce. Some cause lysis or killing with other can neutralize pathogens or facilitate their uptake by phagocytes.

31
Q

What are nonspecific defense mechanisms that are present even before an encounter with an organism?

A

Innate Immunity

32
Q

What immune system establishes a state of inflamation at the site of an infection?

A

Innate

33
Q

Protection that is stimulated by exposure to an organism: response is mediated by B cells and T cells.

A

Adaptive/ Acquired immunity

34
Q

What are the myeloid cells?

A

The granulocytes or PMN leukocytes: Neutrophil, Basophil, Eosinophil.

35
Q

What are the lymphoid cells

A

NK cells

36
Q

Steps of the ADCC

A
  1. Antibody binds antigens on the surface of target cells
  2. Fc receptors on NK cells recognize bound antibody
  3. Crosslinking of Fc receptors signals the NK cell to kill the target cell
  4. Target dies by apoptosis
37
Q

What are the primary lymphoid organs and what is their job?

A

The are the site of lymphocytes development and initial maturation. Include Bone Marrow, Thuymus and Bursa of Fabricious

38
Q

What are the secondary lymphoid organs?

A

Lymph nodes, spleen, mucosal immune system, cutaneous

39
Q

What is the order of immunogen strength ? What determines this?

A

Proteins>Polysaccharides>Lipids> Nucleic Acids

Is it foreign? What is the molecular size? How complex is it? Is it degradable?

40
Q

Antibody

A

The Ag binding proteins that present on the B cell membrane and are secreted in soluble form by plasma cells.

41
Q

What is the basic structure of an IgG molecule?

A

2 heavy and 2 light chains

42
Q

How many Fab and Fc fragments are on a Ig?

A

2 Fab and 1 Fc

43
Q

What are the two light chains called?

A

Kappa and Lambda

44
Q

Where are the variable regions found?

A

at the amino termini of each chain

Immunology (1 decks)

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