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ANTH 100 > Midterm Study Deck > Flashcards

Midterm Study Deck Flashcards

1
Q

Anthropology

A

The study of humanity, present and past

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2
Q

Anthropological Perspective

A

Evolutionary, holistic, and comparative methods applied to the study of humans.

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3
Q

Branches of Anthropology

A

Biological
Cultural
Linguistic
Archaeology

(Applied anthropology)

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4
Q

Biological Anthropology

A

Looking at humans as biological organisms, including evolution and contemporary variation.

Includes human biology, Primatology, Palaeoanthropology, and forensic anthropology.

Examples of applied biological anthropology: DNA analyst, epidemiologist, ergonomics (product developer)

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5
Q

Cultural Anthropology

A

The study of living people and their cultures, including variation and change.

Examples of applied cultural anthropology: business (market research), poverty reduction, community development, disaster planning/management.

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6
Q

Typology

A

The study of how we classify things.

Lumping vs splitting

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7
Q

Archaeology

A

The study of past human cultures through their material remains.

Examples of applied archaeology: cultural resource management, museums, historical sites, and historic preservation.

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8
Q

Linguistic Anthropology

A

Study of communication, mainly among humans, including origins and contemporary variations

Examples of applied linguistic anthropology: Supporting Indigenous language efforts, forensics linguistics

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9
Q

Archaeological Typologies

A

Can help date artifacts

Can be associated with chronology, morphology (shape), function, style, etc.

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10
Q

Cultural Typology

A

Used to study patterns in human behaviour

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11
Q

Linguistic Typologies

A

Help identify relationships between language families.

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12
Q

Cultural Relativism (Boas)

A

All cultures are equally valid and each can be understood only in its own context.

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13
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

Evaluating other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of one’s own culture (European).

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14
Q

Ethnography/Ethnology

A

Physical description of a culture

Process of studying a culture.

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15
Q

Lens of Anthropology

A
  1. Holistic
  2. Evolutionary
  3. Comparitive
  4. Qualitative
  5. Focused on linkages
  6. Focused on change
  7. Done through fieldwork
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16
Q

Unilinear Theory (Morgan)

A

19th century
The notion is that culture develops in a uniform and progressive manner.

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17
Q

Participant Observation

A

Method of an ethnographer: participating and observing a culture.

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18
Q

Salvage Ethnography

A

19th century

Study of cultures that are under threat of colonization.

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19
Q

Historical Particularism (Boas)

A

Every culture is a product of its own unique history.

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20
Q

Holism

A

All aspects of human biology and culture as interconnected.

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21
Q

Culture

A

The learned and shared things that people think, do, and have as members of a society.

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22
Q

Race

A

A term used to describe varieties or subspecies of a species; inaccurately used to refer to human differences

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23
Q

Enculturation

A

The process by which child learns his or her culture

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24
Q

Adaptive Cultural Practices

A

Ways that humans use cultural knowledge to adapt to their environments.

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25
Q

Maladaptive Cultural Practices

A

Cultural practices that are harmful/not productive for a culture’s survival in the long run.

I.e. Female Genital Mutation

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26
Q

Ethical Field Study

A

Follow a code of ethics - AAA

Weigh the possible impacts of work and strive to do no harm

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27
Q

Attributes of Culture

A

Learned

Shared

Symbolic

Holistic

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28
Q

Emic

A

Insider’s view

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29
Q

Etic

A

Outsider’s view

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30
Q

Entomophagy

A

Insect eating

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31
Q

3 Parts of Culture

A

Cognition: What we think

Behaviour: What we do

Artifacts: What we have

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32
Q

Ethnicity

A

Shared culture, language, and history.

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33
Q

Dependence Training

A

A pattern of enculturation in child rearing favours the family unit over the individual.

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34
Q

Independence Training

A

A pattern of enculturation in child rearing that favours individuality

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35
Q

Ideal Behaviour

A

What people say they do (think)

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36
Q

Real Behaviour

A

What people actually do

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37
Q

Informants/Associates/Interlocutors

A

Study subjects; the people in a community

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38
Q

Random Sample

A

Selecting informants randomly

Equal chance to be interviewed, searching for an average, works for smaller homogenous communities.

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39
Q

Judgement Sample

A

Selecting informants based on skill/knowledge/insight/sensitivity

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40
Q

Snowball Sample

A

One informant suggests/refers to another informant.

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41
Q

Key Informant/Key Associate

A

Main informants that are chosen for special insight that the ethnographer spends a lot of time with - likely to become close friends

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42
Q

6 Methods of Participant Observation

A
  1. Formal Interviews - same set to each
  2. Informal Interviews - The fieldworker siezes an opportunity to ask questions
  3. life histories + oral histories
  4. Case Studies - particular event is examined from multiple perspectives
  5. Kinship data: family tree/genealogy
  6. Photography
43
Q

3 Ways of Relating to a Culture

A

Confront

Complain

Conform

44
Q

Cultural Determinism

A

The belief that we are programmed by our cultures and have little agency.

45
Q

Agency

A

The control of our own life.

Our capacity to think and make choices

46
Q

Why is it important to study evolutionary theory?

A

Making sense of human biology requires an understanding of human evolution.

Ex. Lactose tolerance

47
Q

Theory

A

A term used to describe multiple well-supported hypotheses and data in support of a fact.

48
Q

Charles Darwin

A

Natural Selection

49
Q

Natural Selection

A
  1. There is variation in a population
  2. Only a part reproduces (die young/no mate)
  3. Traits are inheritable
  4. Advantageous traits eventually become more frequent
50
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

Monk who used peas to prove theories on inheritance, creating the foundation of genetics.

Key discoveries: genotype, phenotype, allele

51
Q

Genotype

A

What the genes code for

52
Q

Phenotype

A

The physical expression of the genes

53
Q

Allele

A

An alternate form of a gene (units passed down by parent)

54
Q

Mutation

A

Errors in DNA replication.

Mutation in reproductive cells that cause variability.

Random, can be natural or caused by radiation, chemical, and viruses.

55
Q

Gene Flow

A

Genes moving between populations that don’t normally mate with each other.

56
Q

Genetic Drift

A

Changes in allele frequency.

I.e. A small population leaves the parent population.

57
Q

Adaptive Radiation

A

Species rapidly adapt to an ecological niche.

The quick expansion of a population that diversifies into multiple species.

58
Q

Sexual Selection/Non-random Mating

A

Personal mate selection unrelated to the increased survival of the species occurs.

59
Q

Speciation

A

The process in which new species emerge.

Ex. geographical isolation - the congo river splitting chimps and bonobos

60
Q

Extinction Causes

A

Natural evolution into another species

Environmental Change

Outcompeted by a new species

61
Q

Mass Extinction

A

When 1/2 the earth’s species go extinct

62
Q

Genetics

A

The study of an individual gene and its inheritance.

63
Q

Genome

A

Entire genetic make-up of an individual or species

Genomics

64
Q

Epigenetics

A

The study of changes in phenotypes without a change in the genotypes and the associated patterns of inheritance.

65
Q

Carolus Linnaeus (1707 - 1778)

A

Devised the Linnean taxonomy (1735) that is still used today.

Binomial system (2 names)

66
Q

Jean Baptiste Lamarck (1744 - 1829)

A

Lamarckian Evolution/Inheritance of acquired traits

67
Q

Inheritance of Acquired Traits

A

Organisms responded to their environment, and those changes could be passed down through generations.

Ex. Giraffes stretch their necks to be longer, and their children will have longer necks.

68
Q

Georges Cuvier (1769- 1832)

A

Catastrophism

The lower the stratum, the more different its fossil animals were from the species living in the present.

69
Q

Catastrophism

A

Natural disasters are responsible for the extinction/replacement of species.

70
Q

Sir Charles Lyell (1797 - 1875)

A

Uniformitarian

Can examine geological remains for answers to the past

71
Q

Uniformitarian

A

Gradual change over time is observable in geography.

72
Q

Charles Darwin (1809 - 1882) and Alfred Russel Wallace (1823 - 1913)

A

Common Origin - massive changes occur ver a long period of time

Natural Selection

73
Q

Microevolution

A

Small changes, single species, few generations

Genetic data (gene pool) is rearranged/altered.

i.e. resistance to a disease

74
Q

Gradualism

A

small changes resulting in big changes over time

observed in the fossil record with similar but different species

74
Q

Macroevolution

A

large changes, (resulting in) multiple species, millions of years

Result of a deletion/addition in the structure of the gene

i.e. Sifka lemurs + 9 species in the genus

75
Q

Punctuated Equilibrium

A

Large amounts of no change followed by a sudden large change

Lacking transition species

76
Q

Paleoanthropology

A

The study of early humans, using both archaeology and biological anthropology

77
Q

Finding Paleoanthropological Sites

A

Looking in places where human remains have already been found (Great Rift Valley - East Africa)

Targeting sites where sediments from the time period of interest are exposed.

78
Q

Fossil

A

Any preserved early human remains no matter the condition.

79
Q

The Human Fossil Record

A

Interpretation of history based on data of collected remains

The assemblage of remains (very little in total)

80
Q

Why do teeth preserve the best?

A

Contains dentin in the enamel.

Mandible preserves second best because it is thick.

81
Q

Taphonomy

A

Study of what happens to organic remains after death.

Knowledge of natural/cultural causes that leave behind physical attributes to fossils.

82
Q

Osteology

A

The study of the human skeleton

83
Q

Dating Techniques

A

Potassium argon dating (K/Ar) - older than 200, 000 years

Radio Carbon Dating (C-14) - younger than 50, 000 years

Dating by Association

84
Q

Potassium-Argon Dating (k/Ar)

A

Volcanic sediments contain potassium. The rate that potassium changes into argon is known and can be tested.

Best for determining sites over 200, 000 years old.

85
Q

Radio Carbon Dating (C-14)

A

All living things contain carbon-14. The rate it decays starting at the instance of death is known.

Best for determining sites below 50, 000.

86
Q

Dating by Association

A

When two things are found in the same stratigraphic layer, and only one of them can be dated - the other is assumed to be the same age.

87
Q

Hominins

A

All members of Homo genus and taxa with evidence of habitual bipedalism that emerged since split of common ancestors with chimps/bonobos.

88
Q

The Killer Ape Hypothesis

A

Aggression and violence are/were the driving forces of human evolution.

No evidence. Used to justify violence.

89
Q

1970s Bipedalism Theory

A

Brain size, tool use, and bipedalism evolved together.

Disproved by Australopithecus

90
Q

1970s-1980s Bipedalism Theory

A

Adaptation to savannah-grassland environment

Effective heat management/exposure to the sun

91
Q

Explanations for Becoming Bipedal

A

Carrying model (food, children, rocks, sticks)

Effective heat management

Greater endurance (energy efficient)

Increasing height (for vision, more food, and display)

Walking in trees

92
Q

Skeletal Changes Accommodating Bipedalism

A

Repositioning of foramen magnum

Curves in the spine

Changes to pelvis

Lengthening of femur

Modification to knee

Angling femur inward

Changes in the foot

93
Q

Homo Habilis

A

Tool-makers (stone) and associated with meat-eating.

94
Q

Homo Erectus

A

Body and brain size much larger

Cultural inventions like full-scale hunting, fire, and cooking

95
Q

Homo Heidelbergensis

A

First early humans to live in colder climates

96
Q

Neanderthals

A

Similar to homo sapiens

97
Q

Trends In Human Biological Evolution

A

Becoming more efficient at bipedalism

Larger in body and brain

Larger/longer foreheads

Less prognathic faces

Smaller teeth

98
Q

Ardipithecus

A

Bipedal with their toe sticking out

99
Q

Australopithecus Afarensis

A

Dinkesh, Lucy - 40% complete fossil

Selam - 3 year old

Suggested adapted to climbing - chimp toe and cling to mother

100
Q

Palaeolithic Timeline

A

Upper Palaeolithic: measured in tens of thousands of years - Homo Sapiens

Middle Palaeolithic: measured in hundreds of thousands of years - Neanderthals/Homo Sapiens

Lower Palaeolithic: measured in millions of years - hominid development

101
Q

Analogous Traits

A

Similar in function but not due to common ancestry

102
Q

Homologies

A

Similarities due to common ancestry

ANTH 100 (2 decks)

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