Midterm study guide

Question 1

What is the one gene hypothesis

Answer 1

That one gene makes one protein, its actually that one gene can code for 10 or more proteins

Question 2

Is gene variation the cause of human variaion?

Answer 2

no, there is minimal variation, snips and mutations, it more about expression

Question 3

percent of genome is for protein

Answer 3

4%

Question 4

percent of genome is retroviral

Answer 4

10%

Question 5

what country/people have the larges genome variability

Answer 5

East african San Bushmen

Question 6

How are Mito dena and Y chromosome DNA used in migration studies

Answer 6

the mitochondral ager is compaired with the number of mutations on the Y chromosome. this time fram and direction of migraiton can be determined.

Question 7

How is nuclear DNA differnt from mitochondral dna

Answer 7

Nuclear DNA is diploid, and is the DNA of the nucleus
mtDNA exists in a state of ploidy found in numerous mitochondria organelles with, multiplie mtDNA molecules, comes from mother. … .

Question 8

What are the three main problems with determining cause vs correlation in genetic disease with studies like the GWAS (SLide 27, lecture 1)

Answer 8

Chance
Linkage
stratifiction

Question 9

What does koko and kitty suggest about human behaviorn

Answer 9

that its not human behavior. Every human behavior we have has been demonstrated in some other animal

Question 10

5 ponts of control of genetic expression

Answer 10

Chromatin
transcription
translation
post translation into cytoplasm
post translation modifications

Question 11

TATA and CCAAT boxes are examples of wht

Answer 11

promoters

Question 12

what is exon shuffling

Answer 12

Exon shuffling is a molecular mechanism for the formation of new genes. It is a process through which two or more exons from different genes can be brought together ectopically, or the same exon can be duplicated, to create a new exon-intron structure.

Question 13

Does the exon or intron remain as a section of the Messenger RNA

Answer 13

Exon

Question 14

What is the role of enhancer

Answer 14

increases the likllihoood of transcription by encouraging activators to bind to that specific area of the DNA

Question 15

what molecular groups most often modify histones

Answer 15

Methyl
acetyl
phosphate

Question 16

which epigenetic marker can attach to DNA directly

Answer 16

Acetylation

Question 17

what are DNA marker allels

Answer 17

a gene or allel that is associated with a specific chromosome, they can be used to identifiy the chromosome or to identifiy other genes or alleles

Question 18

are DNA maker alles biologically active

Answer 18

not necessarly biological active or involved in transcriptions

Question 19

Genotype

Answer 19

combination of allells the person has

Question 20

phenotype

Answer 20

observable trait that is expression of genotype

Question 21

autosomal dominant

Answer 21

One allele is required for expression

autosomal chromosome 1-22

Question 22

autosomal recessive

Answer 22

2 allels required for expression

autosomal chromosome 1-22

Question 23

x linked recessive

Answer 23

On x chromosome, need both to be expressive in females, only one required in males

Question 24

X linked dominant

Answer 24

On x chromosome, only need one to be expressive

Question 25

mitochondrial inheritance

Answer 25

on mitochondrial chromosome

Question 26

X linked dominant diseases

Answer 26

• Can’t be transmitted from father to sun because fathers only contribute Y to sons
  X linked disease are 2x more common in females because father can give X to daughter

Question 27

missense

Answer 27

single base change that can change codon for one amine acid

Question 28

nonsense mutation

Answer 28

base change that results in stop codon.

Question 29

gain of function mutation

Answer 29

completley new enzyme produced or the enxyme is over produced

Question 30

loss of function

Answer 30

cause vital or protective protein to become non function in the cell, ie loss of tumor supressor