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Pharm303 > MidtermOct > Flashcards

MidtermOct Flashcards

1
Q

heat sensitive drugs cannot be compounded in this lozenge form

A

hard lozenges

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2
Q

lozenge that uses a glycerinated gelatin base

A

chewable

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3
Q

stratum corneum

A

horny layer

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4
Q

stratum lucidum

A

clear layer

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5
Q

stratum granulosum

A

granular layer

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6
Q

stratum spinosum

A

prickle cell layer

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7
Q

stratum germinatum/basale

A

basal layer

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8
Q

stratum corneum layer is hydrophilic or hydrophobic

A

hydrophobic

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9
Q

rate limiting layer of the skin - controls absorption of the drug

A

stratum corneum

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10
Q

layer of the skin which is the site of biochemical activity (bioreactor)

A

stratum granulosum

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11
Q

layer of the skin that is the first layer where the cells are alive and have a nucleus

A

stratum granulosum

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12
Q

first layer of the skin that changes its thickness (as a mechanism)

A

stratum spinosum

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13
Q

layer of the skin that has cuboidal, many sided keratinocytes

A

stratum spinosum & stratum germinatum

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14
Q

layer of the skin that contains germ cells of the skin (renews the skin)

A

stratum germinatum

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15
Q

layer of the skin that has nerve endings and blood vessels

A

dermis

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16
Q

if we want systemic distribution of the drug, needs to reach this skin layer

A

dermis

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17
Q

dermis composition

A

matrix of connective tissue
75% collagen
4% elastin

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18
Q

layer of the skin that regulates heat

A

dermis

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19
Q

single phase vehicle - cream or ointment?

A

ointment

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20
Q

two phase vehicle - cream or ointment?

A

cream

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21
Q

contains less than 20% water and volatiles

A

ointment

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22
Q

contains more than 20% water and volatiles

A

creams

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23
Q

active ingredients remain solid in this dermatological vehicle

A

paste

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24
Q

oleaginous/hydrocarbon bases - washable?

A

non-water washable

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25
Q

absorption bases - washable?

A

non-water washable

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26
Q

w/o emulsion bases - washable?

A

non-water washable

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27
Q

silicon bases - washable?

A

non-water washable

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28
Q

o/w emulsions - washable?

A

water washable

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29
Q

gels - washable?

A

water washable

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30
Q

hydrophilic bases - washable?

A

water washable

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31
Q

emulsifying bases - washable?

A

water washable

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32
Q

yellow/white wax, petrolatum, and mineral oil

A

oleaginous/hydrocarbon bases

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33
Q

anhydrous lanolin, lanolin, lanolin alcohols, cholesterol, stearyl alcohol

A

absorption bases

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34
Q

cold creams (cetyl esters wax), emollient creams

A

w/o emulsions

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35
Q

zinc oxide, starch

A

paste

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36
Q

specifically created base for protection

A

silicon bases

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37
Q

main advantage of hydrocarbon bases

A

lipophilic properties give emollient and occlusive effect

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38
Q

main disadvantage of hydrocarbon bases

A

greasy, and tacky

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39
Q

stearyl alcohol - hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

hydrophobic

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40
Q

sodium lauryl sulfate - hydrophilic or hydrophobic

A

hydrophilic, anionic emulsifier

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41
Q

propylene glycol - hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

hydrophilic

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42
Q

vanishing cream, cleansing cream

A

o/w emusion

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43
Q

good choice of base for hairy areas

A

gels

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44
Q

hydrophilic bases cannot take up more than __% water

A

8%, has loose consistency

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45
Q

base that has good pt compliance - non-staining, non-occlusive

A

hydrophilic bases

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46
Q

polyethylene glycol ointment, PEG 3350, PEG 400

A

hydrophilic bases

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47
Q

sodium lauryl sulfate, liquid paraffin, white pet

A

emulsifying bases

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48
Q

additives for dermatological vehicles - selection based on

A

pt, active ingredient, and base

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49
Q

additives for dermatological vehicles

A 
humectants
levigating agents
antimicrobial preservatives
penetration enhancers
antioxidants
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50
Q

humectant effect

A

increases hydration, and prevents drying out (when used at low concs)

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51
Q

humectant effect when used at high conc

A

withdraws moisture from the skin

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52
Q

propylene glycol, glycerol, PEG (300-400ish)

A

humectants

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53
Q

levigating agents effect

A

a liquid used to aid in the incorporation & particle size
-does not dissolve

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54
Q

levigating agent effect when used at high conc

A

particles will float and adhere to each other

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55
Q

mineral oil, and glycerol

A

levigating agents
mineral oil for hydrophobic things
glycerol for hydrophilic things

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56
Q

important for the penetration enhancer effect to be ________

A

temporary

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57
Q

propylene glycol, azone (toxic), and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) (toxic)

A

penetration enhancers

58
Q

BHT, BHA, ascorbic acid, hydroquinone, tocopherol, sulfites

A

antioxidants

59
Q

alcohols (ethanol, isopropanol), and hydroxibenzoates (parabens)

A

antimicrobial preservatives

60
Q

incorporation - max amount of levigating agent that can be used

A

5%

61
Q

levigating agent for coal tar

A

polysorbate 80

62
Q

levigating agent for peruvian balsam

A

castor oil

63
Q

levigating agent for ichtammol

A

glycerin or fixed oils

64
Q

combination of fusion and incorporation - which step first?

A

fusion first, then incorporation

65
Q

veegum

A

forms gel

finely divided suspending or emulsifying agent

66
Q

factors influencing percutaneous absorption

A

drug factors
vehicle factors
skin factors

67
Q

if P

A

there is less drug in the skin than in the vehicle

-the affinity of the drug is to the vehicle

68
Q

if P > 1

A

there is more of the drug in the skin than in the vehicle

-affinity of the drug is towards the skin

69
Q

target regions for dermatological tx:

cosmetic, protective films, antifungals, antibacterials

A

skin surface

70
Q

target regions for dermatological tx:

emollients/moisturizers, keratolytics

A

stratum corneum

71
Q

target regions for dermatological tx:

anesthetic (local), steroidal, antihistamines

A

viable epidermis and dermis

72
Q

target regions for dermatological tx:

antiperspirant, exfoliant, antimicrobial

A

appendages

73
Q

target regions for dermatological tx:

motion sickness, angina, smoking cessation

A

systemic tx via percut abs

74
Q

bases for alopecia tx

A

water washable
gels
creams

75
Q

bases for dermatitis tx

A

trying to avoid occlusion

  • creams
  • lotions
76
Q

bases for psoriasis tx

A

want occlusive

  • ointments
  • creams
77
Q

bases for urticaria tx

A
  • want to non-occlusive
  • gels
  • creams
  • shake lotions
  • have to be water base
78
Q

bases for herpes simplex tx

A

want non-occlusive

  • gels
  • PEG
  • liquid lotions
79
Q

bases for corns & calluses tx

A

want occlusive

  • ointment
  • collodions
80
Q

bases for athlete’s foot tx

A

want non-occlusive

-o/w creams

81
Q

superpotent

A

(I)

duration: short term
location: thick skin only
usage: not for kids

82
Q

high pontency

A

(II and III)

duration: short term
location: thick skin only
usage: not for kids

83
Q

intermediate potency

A

(IV and V)

duration: avoid long term use (> 1-2 weeks)
location: trunk and extremities
usage: avoid extensive use in children

84
Q

low potency

A

(VI and VII)

duration: for long term tx
location: face, groin
usage: can be used on children

85
Q

2 classifications of rheology

A

newtonian and non-newtonian

86
Q

flow in which viscosity is a constant value

A

newtonian systems

87
Q

newtonian systems: as slope increases, velocity _______

A

decreases (thins)

88
Q

flow in which viscosity is not a constant value

A

non-newtonian system

-viscosity changes with shear rate

89
Q

types of non-newtonian systems

A
  • plastic flow
  • pseudoplastic flow
  • dilatant flow
  • thixotropic flow
90
Q

these materials will not flow if the shear stress is below the yield value

A

plastic flow

–ointments, creams, ketchup, flocculated suspensions

91
Q

these materials show decreasing viscosity with increasing shear rate -> shear thinning

A

pseudoplastic flow

–polymers in solution, dispersions

92
Q

viscosity increases with increasing shear rate -> shear thickening

A

dilatant flow

–deflocculated systems

93
Q

DTS: pain-relief

-analgesics and anesthetics

A

anesthetics: lidocaine and prilocaine cream

- cover with tegaderm dressing to increase duration

94
Q

DTS: inflammation tx with NSAIDs

A

ketoprofen, diclofenac, indomethacin

95
Q

DTS: inflammation tx with steriodal anti-inflammatory agents

A

cordran tape and patch (flurandrenolide)

96
Q

non-invasive diagnostic patches

A
  • analyte collection patches or transcutaneous chemical collection devices (TCCDs)
  • sweat collection patch (SCP)
  • cystic fibrosis indicator system (CFIS)
  • glucowatch biographer
97
Q

analyte collection patches or transcutaneous chemical collection devices (TCCDs): screens drugs

A

caffeine, ethanol, theophylline

98
Q

sweat collection patch (SCP): screens for

A

marijuana, ecstasy, methamphetamines

-worn up to 14 days

99
Q

cystic fibrosis indicator system (CFIS): screens for

A

chloride ions

-contains a chloride-complexing chemical which produces a color change when the chloride concentration is high

100
Q

glucowatch biographer: how it works

A

monitors glucose by reverse iontophoresis

101
Q

main advantage of transdermal therapeutic systems

A

avoids GI drug absorption difficulties

102
Q

main disadvantage of transdermal therapeutic systems

A

not all drugs can be incorporated

103
Q

first generation TTS

A

passive diffusion

-most patches on the market

104
Q

second generation TTS

A

passive diffusion, but incorporates chemically altered advancements

105
Q

third generation TTS

A

active methods to distribute into the SC

106
Q

types of TTS

A
  • reservoir type
  • matrix type
  • drug-in-adhesive type
  • dot-matrix
107
Q

liquid or semi-solid drug in TTS

A

reservoir type

108
Q

has rate controlling membrane

A

reservoir type

109
Q

why do we have so much of the drug left in the patches after application period

A
  • passive diffusion
  • conc gradient of the patch and systemic circulation
  • need certain conc of patch to deliver drug
110
Q

main disadvantage of reservoir type TTS

A

vulnerable to dose dumping

111
Q

examples of reservoir type

A

duragesic, estraderm, transderm-nitro

112
Q

drug in solid or semi-solid formulation

A

matrix type

113
Q

no rate controlling membrane - rate controlling matrix

A

matrix type

114
Q

examples of matrix type TTS

A

exelon, habitrol, nitrodisc

115
Q

rate controlling adhesive and the SC

A

drug-in-adhesive type

-no membrane

116
Q

drug-in-adhesive type TTS examples

A

estra-dot, transderm-scop, estalis, nicotrol

117
Q

dot-matrix type TTS examples

A

vivelle-dot, mylan, climara

-silicone adhesive

118
Q

can not cut this type of patch

A

reservoir

119
Q

can cut these types of patches

A

matrix type and drug-in-adhesive

120
Q

duragesic tx

A

chronic pain

-reservoir type

121
Q

exelon tx

A

alzheimer’s

-matrix type

122
Q

iontophoresis

A

2nd generation TTS

123
Q

summary sentence of dermal patches

A

to maximize delivery from the formulations into SC, upper epidermis, or dermis, and at the same time minimize further absorption into the systemic circulation

124
Q

summary sentence of transdermal patches

A

delivery and maintenance of therapeutic levels of drug in the systemic circulation over a long period of time

125
Q

RES tissues

A

lung, kidney, liver, spleen

-macrophage rich

126
Q

MLV

A
  • multi-lamellar vessicle
  • large
  • incorporates lipophilic drugs
  • WILL be picked up by RES system
127
Q

LUV

A

large unilamellar vesicle

  • incorporate hydrophilic drugs
  • WILL be picked up by RES
128
Q

SUV

A
  • small unilamellar vesicle
  • “stealth” technology
  • incorporate hydrophilic drugs
  • will NOT be picked up by RES
129
Q

four ways to alter a phospholipid, thus altering the liposome

A
  • lipid content (type of phospholipid)
  • hydrophobic tail (length and saturation)
  • method of preparation (architecture)
  • surface charge (polar head group) -> negative = will be taken up, positive/neutral = NOT taken up
130
Q

type of lozenge that needs fatty or PEG base

A

soft

131
Q

why use liposomes in drug delivery?

A
  1. drug targeting
  2. pharmacokinetics
  3. protection
  4. release
132
Q

classes of liposomes

A
  • conventional: taken up quick by RES
  • long circulating: hydrophobic chains attached to create stearic hinderance which prevents binding while its circulating
  • immuno: antibodies attached to attack antigens
  • cationic: deliver genetic replacement to cells
133
Q

fungicide

A

amphotericin B

134
Q

mechanism of ampB

A

binds to chols and pokes holes/channels into the cell membrane
-dose dependent renal toxicity

135
Q

fungal infections accumulate in the….

A

liver, kidney, spleen, and lung

136
Q

major benefit of ampB in liposome form

A

gets more drug to the site of action/more aggressively with a lower toxicity

137
Q

chemotherapy drug

A

doxorubicin (doxil)

138
Q

doxil is toxic to the…

A

heart

139
Q

four possible ways that doxil gets INTO the tumor cell

A
  1. destabilization of the liposome after accumulation (pH, build-up, and time)
  2. membrane-membrane exchange
  3. endocytosis
  4. fusion - barf hypothesis
140
Q

identification of the type of emulsion

A

dilution test

Pharm303 (1 decks)

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