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Adult Development & Aging > Midterms > Flashcards

Midterms Flashcards

1
Q

Ageism

A

a form of discrimination against older adults based on their age.

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2
Q

Paul Baltes’ 4 key features

A

multidirectionality, plasticity, historical context, multiple causation

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3
Q

Multidirectionality

A

development involves both growth and decline; as people grow in one area, they may lose in another and at different rates.

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4
Q

Plasticity

A

skills can be trained or improved with practice even later on in life

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5
Q

Historical context

A

each of us develops within a particular set of circumstances determined the historical time in which we are born and the culture in which we grow up

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6
Q

Multiple causation

A

how people develop results from a wide variety of forces: biological, psychological, sociocultural, and life-cycle forces.

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7
Q

Primary aging

A

normal, disease-free development during adulthood

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8
Q

Secondary aging

A

developmental changes that are related to disease, lifestyle, and other environmentally induced changes that are not inevitable

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9
Q

Tertiary aging

A

rapid losses that occur shortly before death

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10
Q

Nature-nurture issue

A

involves the degree to which genetics or hereditary influences (nature) and experiential or environmental influences (nurture) determine the kind of person you are.

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11
Q

Stability-change issue

A

concerns the degree to which people remain the same over time

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12
Q

Continuity-discontinuity controversy

A

concerns whether a particular developmental phenomenon represents a smooth progression over time (continuity) or a series of abrupt shifts (discontinuity)

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13
Q

Culture

A

share basic values, norms, beliefs, habits, ways of living

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14
Q

Ethnicity

A

sense of identification (ancestral/national)

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15
Q

Universal vs. context specific development controversy

A

oncerns whether there is just one path of development or several

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16
Q

Longitudinal study

A

the same individuals are observed or tested repeatedly at different points in their lives

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17
Q

Cross-sectional study

A

developmental differences are identified by testing people of different ages at the same time.

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18
Q

Cellular theories

A

a cell can only divide a limited number of times. Telomeres (tips of chromosomes) if healthy, regulates cell division. Enzyme telomerase if insufficient reproduce to smaller size.

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19
Q

Cross-linking theory

A

certain proteins in human cells interact randomly and produce molecules that are linked in such a way as to make the body stiffer.

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20
Q

Free radicals theory

A

aging is caused by unstable reactive molecules

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21
Q

Changes in skin

A

wrinkles, age spots, moles, less pigment, varicose veins, thinner and drier skin

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22
Q

Changes in hair

A

hair loss caused by destruction of germ centers. Males don’t lose facial hair. Females gain facial hair.

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23
Q

Changes in voices

A

decrease volume and pitch, breathlessness and trembling, less pronunciation

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24
Q

Changes in body build

A

decrease in height (compression of the spine) weight gain then loss.

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25
Q

Changes in mobility

A

muscles and strength loss: age 70- up to 20%. Age 80- up to 40%. No gender differences. Bones loss begin in late 30s, faster in 50s, slows at 70s

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26
Q

Changes in vision

A

decrease in light, farsightedness, cataracts (opaques spots), glaucoma (high fluid pressure), macular degeneration

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27
Q

Changes in hearing

A

damage due to loud environment

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28
Q

Changes in touch

A

somesthesia (body sensitivity to touch): pain perception, decrease in sexual pleasure. Balance: dizziness and vertigo: the fear of falling and actual falls.

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29
Q

Changes in taste

A

little evidence to show taste diminishes with age

30
Q

Changes in smell

A

taste dependent on smell. Older adults cannot identify odors as well

31
Q

Congestive heart failure

A

occurs when cardiac output and the ability of the heart contract severely decline.

32
Q

Angina pectoris

A

occurs when the oxygen supply to the heart muscle becomes insufficient, resulting in chest pains

33
Q

Myocardial infarction

A

occurs when blood supply to the heart is severely reduced or cut off.

34
Q

Autoimmunity

A

the immune system can begin attacking the body itself

35
Q

Psychoneuroimmunology

A

the study of the relations between psychological, neurological, and immunological systems that raise or lower our susceptibility to and ability to recover from disease

36
Q

Acute disease

A

conditions that develop over a short period of time and cause a rapid change in health

37
Q

Chronic disease

A

conditions that last a longer period of time (at least 3 months) and may be accompanied by residual functional impairment that necessitates long-term management

38
Q

Primary appraisal

A

categorizes events into three groups based on the significance they have for our well-being: irrelevant, benign, or positive, and stressful.

39
Q

Secondary appraisal

A

evaluates our perceived ability to cope with harm, threat, or challenge

40
Q

Reappraisal

A

involves making a new primary or secondary appraisal resulting from changes in the situation

41
Q

Competence

A

upper limit of a person’s ability to function in five domains: physical health, sensory-perceptual skills, motor skills, cognitive skills, and ego strength

42
Q

Environmental press

A

refers to the physical, interpersonal, or social deans that environments put on people

43
Q

Ecology of aging

A

environmental psychology, which seeks to understand the dynamic relations between older adults and the environments they inhabit

44
Q

Adult day care

A

designed to provide support, companionship, and certain services during the day.

45
Q

Congregate/cluster housing

A

includes a range of living options from those providing only housing to those providing some level of medical services.

46
Q

Assisted living facilities

A

housing options for older adults that provide a supportive living arrangement for people needing assistance with personal care but who are not so impaired physically or cognitively that they need 24-hour care.

47
Q

Nursing home

A

governed by state and federal regulations. Skilled nursing care consists of 24-hour care including skilled medical and other health services. Intermediate care is also 24-hour care including nursing supervision, but at a less intense level.

48
Q

Information-processing model

A

uses a computer metaphor to explain how people process stimuli

49
Q

Working memory

A

active processes and structure involved in holding information in mind and simultaneously using that information, sometimes in conjunction with incoming information, to solve a problem, make a decision, or learn new information.

50
Q

Semantic memory

A

concerns learning and remembering the meaning of words and concepts not tied to specific occurrences of events in time

51
Q

Episodic memory

A

general class of memory having to do with the conscious recollection of information from a specific event or point in time

52
Q

Autobiographical memory

A

involves remembering information and events from our own life

53
Q

Prospective memory

A

involves remembering to remember something in the future, such as an action or event

54
Q

Long-term memory

A

refers to the ability to remember rather extensive amounts of information from a few seconds to a few hours to decades

55
Q

Encoding

A

getting information into memory. Strategy is anything people do to make tasks easier and increase efficiency of encoding or retrieval

56
Q

Retrieval

A

getting information of of memory. Older people use fewer retrieval strategies.

57
Q

False memory

A

when one remembers items or events that did not occur

58
Q

Source memory

A

refers to the ability to remember the source of a familiar event as well as the ability to determine if an event imagined or actually experienced

59
Q

External memory aids

A

memory aids that rely on environmental resources, such as notebooks or calendars

60
Q

Internal memory aids

A

memory aids that rely on mental processes, such as imagery

61
Q

Four concepts of the theories of intelligence

A

multidirectionality, plasticity, inter individual variability, multidimensional

62
Q

Multidimensional

A

theories of intelligence specify many domains of intellectual abilities

63
Q

Interindividual variability

A

acknowledges adults differ in the direction of their intellectual development

64
Q

Mechanics of intelligence

A

concerns the neurophysiological architecture of the mind

65
Q

Pragmatic intelligence

A

concerns acquired bodies of knowledge available form and embedded within culture.

66
Q

Fluid intelligence

A

consists of the abilities that make you a flexible and adaptive thinker, allow you to make inferences, and enable you yo understand the relations among concepts

67
Q

Crystallized intelligence

A

the knowledge you have acquired through life experience and education in a particular culture

68
Q

Primary mental abilities

A

hypothetical contracts into which related skills are organized (word fluency, verbal meaning, numbers, inductive reasoning, spatial orientation)

69
Q

Secondary mental abilities

A

related groups of mental abilities (social translations)

70
Q

Cohort effect of longitudinal and cross sectional studies on mental abilities

A

cross section studies show decrements, longitudinal studies show stability (even increase) in intellectual performance

Adult Development & Aging (2 decks)

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