midtopic

Question 1

psychology

Answer 1

scientific study of human thoughts feelings and behaviours

Question 2

scientific method

Answer 2

involves use of appropiate research methods to collect data, collect and analyse data, and interpret results

Question 3

biopsychosocial approach

Answer 3

suggests that biological, phychological and social factors interact to cause and influence human behaviour and mental processes

Question 4

pseudoscience

Answer 4

any non scientific approach to studying human behaviour as it may produce biased or unreliable results

Question 5

phrenology

Answer 5

explored relationship between skull’s surface features and an individual’s personality characterisitcs, based on reasoning and anecdotal evidence

Question 6

barnum effect

Answer 6

explains that people are more likely to believe statements about themselves if its positive, vague or general

Question 7

empirical evidence

Answer 7

data collected through systemic observations and/or carefully constructed observations

Question 8

population

Answer 8

entire group of research interest to which the researcher seeks to apply or generalise their research findings

Question 9

sample

Answer 9

research participants selected from the larger population

Question 10

iv

Answer 10

variable that is being changed or manipluated to see if it has an effect on the dv

Question 11

dv

Answer 11

variable that is measured to see the effects of the iv

Question 12

ev

Answer 12

any variables other than the iv that can cause unwanted change in the dv + identified prior to the research and controlled

Question 13

cv

Answer 13

any variables other than the iv that can cause unwanted change in the dv + confounds and confluses effect of iv not identified prior

Question 14

controlled variable

Answer 14

a variable that is held constant to ensure that the only influence on the dv is the iv ensuring validity of results

Question 15

placebo effect

Answer 15

when a participants response is changed by the belief (expectation) their receiving some kind of treatment opposed to the actual treatment

Question 16

order effect

Answer 16

when perfomance is influenced by the specific order in which the experimental tasks are done rather than the iv

Question 17

non standardised instructions + procedures

Answer 17

if certain groups are given different instrutions from researcher –> unwanted effect on dv
situational-envirionment
demand-cues in experiment

Question 18

indivual differnces

Answer 18

any difference between participants being studied that impact dv

Question 19

experimenter effect

Answer 19

any sutble cues or signal from experimenr that signals expermenters true intent or purpse that efffects perfromance of subjects

Question 20

goals of sampling

Answer 20

ensures sample closely represents population so we can generalise results
reflect population in all personal characteristics of partiicpants relevent to the study

Question 21

random sampling

Answer 21

ensures every member of population of research interest has equal chance of being selected to be part of sample
obtain sampling frame + lottery procedure
x-not guarenteed that sample is representative + time consuming

Question 22

stratified sampling

Answer 22

dividing population into different subgroups and selecting seperate sample frome each stratum in the same proportions that they appear in the population
x-need a complete list of target pop–> time consuming

Question 23

random allocation

Answer 23

minimising differences between groups where every participant have an equal chance opf being slected for any of the groups used
tossing coin + names out of hat

Question 24

counterbalencing

Answer 24

used to minimise/ balence out order effects stystemically changing order of treatments or tasks to counter unwanted effects of order effects

Question 25

controlled experiment

Answer 25

experimental investigations of the relationship between one or more ivs and a dv all other variables are controlled

Question 26

between subjects design

Answer 26

participants are randomly allocated to one or more entirely seperate independant groups

Question 27

between subjects design pros + cons

Answer 27

• less time consuming + avoids order/ practice effects
• x minimise individual differences

Question 28

within subjects design

Answer 28

same participants are used in both experimental and control group

Question 29

within subjects design pros + cons

Answer 29

• eliminates indiviudal differences/ less people
• time consuming –> increase dropout

Question 30

mixed design

Answer 30

elements of both subect designs examines not only potential differences between two or more groups but also assesses change of individiuals of each group over time

Question 31

mixed design pros + cons

Answer 31

• time + cost effective can test multiple ivs on dv
• higher withdrawal rate/ less control over conditions