Mindmap Summaries

Question 1

Oregon trail

Answer 1

1836 - first migrants reached Oregon 1843- ‘Great migration ‘ over 1000
Opened up trade and movement across USA -3200 km east to west
Dangers:
disease, stuck, river crossing, snakes
Biggest killer - cholera from migrants suing same water/ campsites

At least 20000 died along

Question 2

Gold rush 1848

Answer 2

California - Sierra Nevada Mountain
Perfect advertisement for westward expansion . New job opportunities
1848- 15000
1855- 300000

Question 3

Donner party

1846 spring - 500 wagons set of

Answer 3

Donner brothers ( Jacob/ George) took a shortcut along ‘Hastings Cutoff’
Unused but claimed to be easy
Problems :
No route to follow dangerous river uneven terrain
No grass for livestock
Winter forced them to a standstill

45 cannibalised

Question 4

Mormon migration

Answer 4

Joseph smith killed - taken over by brigham young
Moves from Illinois to Great salt lake - isolated , part of Mexico nobody wanted

Question 5

Mormon problem and solutions

Answer 5

Church owned all land not individual owned
So must work together as community

New settlement planned each designed for products ( food , crops , timber )

Specific roles

Question 6

Fort Laramie treaty 1851

Answer 6

Gov attempting to ease conflict - guarantee white migrant safe crossing along Oregon. Stop tribal fighting within
Meant protection for migratants protection from migrants
And annuity of 50000 if terms kept

Problems
Terms broken by US gov and tribes
P.I continued to fight
Migrants didn’t stick to O trial, trespasse diff limits area as

Question 7

Fort Laramie significance

Answer 7

First step towards reservatoonsZ set out territory for indiviso tribes
Created relationship Gov and PI tribes, dependant on gov for food and noney

Meant railroad surveyors and military post in PI territory
Leads to white settlement on Great Plains

Question 8

Lawlessness

Answer 8

1848 gold rush attracted undesirable crowd .crooks,bandits,gamblers
Justice at hand of vigilantes - punishment no trial or justic system
1855 - 300000 had settled in California- existing system couldn’t keep up
Lived by the gun man v man
steal land from each other ‘claim jumping’

Question 9

Combatting lawlessness

Answer 9

Vigilante committees - ordinary people took law into own hands . Identify trial punish often by hanging. Often unfair - suspected crime = punishment

Gangs walk in - kill , rob and walk away with no consequence

Racist attacks in mining camps - Chinese immigrants - poor dealt with. as gov also racist

sheriff - for territory over 500 people - poorly paid, no legal training

Question 10

Impact of civil war

1861 - southern withdrew from USA to create own confederacy . Now northern states pass any acts

Answer 10

Before war north and south sisagreee joe American west should be settled . Allowed Gov to pass important acts
Homestead act 1862
Pacific railroad act 1862
Had huge impact on settlement west

Question 11

Homestead act 1862

Answer 11

Before sold land in west £1 an acre - too expensive
160 acres for £10 - used as family home / farming
avoided lane owned by couple rich. Tax raises then thsouans of small families
Virtually free land
Anyone over 21 can file
Encourage permanent settling

Question 12

Homestead act problems

Lack of wood
Water shortages
Extreme weather

Answer 12

-Too expensive to get there so built ‘sod houses ‘ until railway could afford wood
-Scarce so hard to kee clean / cook or water crops Built wind pumps to bring up from deep underground
- damaged plant . Used red wheat turkey which could cope

Question 13

Pacific railroad act

Answer 13

2 companies- union pacific , central pacific . Met in middle to make tramscomtemtisl railroad
To fulfill manifest destiny
Travelling west cheaper and easier
Encouraged further west settlement / epitope immigration - promoted development of towns/ boosted sale of land
Positive effect on economy - increased trade between east and west
Brough goods to homesteaders - expansion of settlements
P.I s move away from railroad routes - decline in buffalo - buffalo hunting , reduced grassland ( hunters come on trains )

Question 14

Timber culture act 1873

Answer 14

Follow up to homestead - have another 160 acres if agreed to plant 40 acres of trees
Need to increase tree No provide fuel / lumber for increasing immigran numbers - fuel/ houses

Overall failure - repealed in 1891 3 March
Not possible to grow tree- little water / rain

Question 15

Technology inventions

Sulky plough -

Windmill -

Turkey red wheat -

Answer 15

Sulky plough - steel plough pulled by horses . Land on Gp was diffivuoy to plough
Windmill - dealt with lack of water
1874- Daniel Halladay invented, could pump water out of deep wells below ground
Barbed wire - fenced off crops , protected from animals and cattle . No timber so cheap and effective
Turkey red wheat - 1870 Russians settled on Great Plains . Introduced Turkey red wheat . Much easier to grow then corn

Question 16

Cow towns
Most lawless railroad towns

Answer 16

Abilene - lawless gunfight murders gambling prostitution . 1870 Thomas smith town marshal banned guns, murdered in November = lawless - 1871 restored by banning cowboys
population 500 to 7000 in 1867
‘ hell on wheels ‘

Question 17

Law and order
What conflict / crime ?
How was it resolved ?

Answer 17

Conflict between groups - cowboys, homesteaders, miners ( ethnic - Chinese , Europeans £
First train robbery - 1866
Code of honour - your responsibility to settle things yourself . Normally restored to violence

Question 18

Judges

Us marshal

Town marshal

Country sheriff

Answer 18

• travelled sound bearing sentences / passing them
• served as authoritative between Indians and white settlers
• sort out problems of fighting / gambling
• enforced laws

Question 19

Civil war impacts

Answer 19

Fighting in south left economy and cattle industry in ruins
Here’s unmanaged A half wild
Ruined economy A little demand for expensive beef
Northern cities cow = £40
Texas = £5
Many wanted to teansport up north for profit

Question 20

Cattle industry

Answer 20

1850- Texas centre of cattle industry
Beef = popular = cattle ranchers increasingly rich

To sell cattle - transport to markets easy . Herded cattle over long distances ( long drive ) known as ‘cattle trail’

1855 -a Missouri passed law against Texas cattle
1859 - Kansa passed similar law turned awya cowboys headed north

Question 21

Abilene
Near Chisholm trail ( cattle trail from Texas to Abilene

Answer 21

Ideal location - plenty of water / grass
Transit point for cowboys and herds
Kansas quarantine law allows Texas herds to settle tjere as long as far away from homesteaders
1867-72 3 million cattle along the Chisholm trail

Question 22

Goodnight loving trail

Cattle trail from Texas to new populations in the west

Answer 22

Good night and loving established in 1866
Drove thousands of cattle north to reservations to sell cattle to starving Indians for huge profit
1867- loving died and goodnight continued to drive cattle and sold huge numbers to John ilif

Question 23

Cattle barons

Answer 23

Men who dominated the cattle IndusTy in late 19th
Cattle industry = easy way to make money
Through 1870 beef market continued to grow
kept herd on open range = low costs - free grass - cheap land - cheap transportation
Most profitable - huge ranches - enormous herds - most famous Colorado Wyoming

Question 24

John ilif
Start of new phase in cattle industry

Answer 24

One of first ranchers to keep cattle on Great Plains . Bought cheap herd for 500- expanded to 35000 from buying and goodnight .
Raised on Gp then drove to northern markets ( this eliminated long drive - meant cattle hadn’t lost weight therefore value
Made a fortune selling to railroad workers

= open range

Question 25

Impact of railroads

Answer 25

Under fort Laramie has to allow construction workers onto land
Disrupted buffalo hunting
Land grants given from Plains land
Plains who lives near construction forced onto reservations ( Pawnee, ohama )
Worked often killed buffalo for meat leather sport

Question 26

Impact of cattle industry

Answer 26

Same diet as the buffalo - competition
As cattle numbers increased, buffalo decreased
Buffalo so hard to find some PI had to work as cowboys - took away traditional life - worked for money - dependant on employees

1860 -37000 cattle
1880 -1,000,000 cattle in Nebraska

Plains attacked Indians on their land- US army protected cowboys

Question 27

Impact of gold rush

Answer 27

Any hint of gold brought thousands broke treaties (1862 along Bozeman trail breaking fort Laramie )
Influx of miners killed buffalo for sport / meat
Brought disease from all over the world - pi didn’t have immunity - killed them
New towns - alien culture ( church’s shops )
Killed PI or forced to move if believed gold was there

Question 28

Resversrions

Answer 28

Agreed due to Jo choice - impacts form cattle , railroads, gold rush
Freed up space , encouraged to live mor e like white settlers
Close to enemies - caused individuals to leave
Far from traditional places (sacred)
Loss of culture - nomadic self sufficient beliefs of land nature
‘No experience of farming so
couldn’tgrow crops

Whites weren’t happy with sizes of res- gave Gov an excuse to reduce sizes

Question 29

Peace policy 1868

Answer 29

Lots of conflict throughout 1860 . President grant religases policy towards Indians not working
Wanted to merge PI into society by teaching english ways
Removed corrupt Indians and replaced with missionaries
Made army protect the plains in reservations. ( not out )
Continued putting in reservations and teaching white ways

Question 30

Abilene

Answer 30

1867 - Joseph McCoy created Kansas - transit point for cowboys and herds
67 - 72 3 mill cattle along Chisholm trail
Ideal location plenty of grassland / water
Kansas quarantine law allowed Texas herds to settle as long as far enough away from homesteaders.
Near railroad meant easy to transport cattle north if they wanted

Question 31

Goodnight loving trail

Answer 31

Loving and goodnight established in 1866
Cattle trial from Texas to new populations in the west
Dangerous - passed thru hostile Indian tribes
Drove thousands of cattle north to reservations to sell cattle to starving Indians for huge profit
1867 - loving died
Goodnight comtinued the trial - sold huge numbers to John ilif
So Successful Texas herd expanded to 1 million acres

Question 32

John Ilif

Answer 32

One of first ranchers to keep cattle on Greeat Plains .failed to get lucky on gold rush bought cheap herd for £500- weak from long drive
Made a fortune selling cattle to railroad
OG herd expanded to over 35000 from buying from goodnight

Significant-raised herd on GP not Texas and rove to northern markets - eliminated long drive where cattle lost weight / value
Start of ranching on GP - new pages in cattle industy

Question 33

Open range

Answer 33

Texas - cattle raised in ranches roaming freely thru winter
Not many cowboys had jobs thru winter. In spring ‘round up ‘cattle rounded up and esperares according to which ranch chief they belonged to
Hard Labour - most 20 or under

Question 34

Indian appropriations act 1871

Answer 34

Continued grants peace policy - Us gov to treat PIs as part of the state
Pis no longer able to form treaties with US gov. Easier for gov to take away PI land

Question 35

Little crows war 1862

Answer 35

1851 agreed to move to reserv in Minnesota .
Gave up 24 mill acres of land for promise of supplies / protection
£80000 annuity
Land was unsuitable for farming and annuities weren’t paid
1861 - disease spread - put in desperate situation unable to buy grow food
Reservation agents have storehouse full of supplies but refuse to lend
17 Aug - 4 Sioux killed 5 white settlers
Next day little crow launched attack on agency
Stole food and attacked whute settlers
Over 700 settlers and US soldiers killed
gov responds with huge army
sep - LC couldn’t fight back- surrendered

Question 36

Consequences of Little Crows war

Answer 36

Severe - at first 400 Dakota Sioux sentence to death . President Lincoln insists only those with evidence . 38 killed

1863 remainder Moved onto new reservations - barren / little food / resources
Nearly 400 dead in first week

Question 37

Sand creek massacre
1864

Answer 37

1585 colorado gold rush caused trespassers onCheynne and Arapaho land
Prospectors demanded Gov to do soemthung about hostile tribe
1861 Black kettle agreed to Treaty of Fort Wise - moved Cheyenne and Arapaho into a reservation
Some warriors ‘ dog warriors ‘ refused to leave continued to fight for 3 years
29 Nov 1864 - black kettle camped at sand creek
Us army led by Colonel Chivington raided camp - claimed hostile Indians . Over 130 dead ( black kettle had flags up to show surrending
1865 - admitted it was wrong and moved to better reserv gave compensation
However they never made any payments and moved to tiny reserv

Question 38

Red clouds war

Answer 38

Gold discovered 1862 Montana
Crossed thru Lakota Sioux hunting grounds - Bozeman trail
Thousands passed thru and were attacked
1866- US gov attempted to create new treaty but red clouds discovers Us building forts
21 Dec - attacked a fort ( get témanos trap ) thousands died

Question 39

Second fort Laramie treaty
1868

Answer 39

Gov realised needed to tu persuade to allow prospector thru- couldn’t defeat without hundreds of deaths
Gov agreed to close Bozeman trail and forts

Question 40

What caused the End of open range

Answer 40

Overstocking - huge beef demand 1870-80s as cattle price increase ranching increase
All grass eaten too quick - soil eroded
‘Great die up’ winter of 1886-87
Temps = -55
Deep snow stopped reaching grass
Any that survived - terrible condition
Prices dropped further

Question 41

Exoduster movement

Answer 41

After civil war victory = slaves freed
Southern didn’t accept- tried to restrict blacks still
Many moved west to file homestead claims . Kansas = free state
1879 - rumour US gave away free land to ex slaves in Kansa. Over 4000 migrated by the end of the year

Question 42

Impact of expediter mocemnt

Answer 42

Most of good farmland = taken - difficult to live
Thought was free - difficult to pay
Many fell I’ll on the long journey caught yellow flu
Kansas Gov assisted small funding. Whites weren’t happy
News of difficult life spread
1880s migration died down

Question 43

Oklohamo land rush

Answer 43

Middle of Indian territory not owned
1889 US gov allowed settlers sections to file claims .
22 April noon hun shot settlers rushed to across border
1st out of 7
By end of the year oklohamo = 60000

Question 44

Lincoln county war

Answer 44

Example of lawlessness
Conflict cattle barons vs ranchers over land in New Mexico
Billy kid on ranchers side
After war claimed he would kill everyone as revenge for detach of his friend
Shot dead by Pat Garrett

Question 45

Johnson county war

Answer 45

Cattle barons vs homesteaders
1889 killing of jim averill and Ella Watson who lived on land cattle barons wanted. Homesteaders created association and claimed all new born cattle
Wsga hired 22 gunmen to invade Johnson county and kill 70
Failed- held up by rancher Nate champion
Word reached county . Invaders surrounded and attacked

Question 46

Indian appropriations act 1851

Answer 46

Gov wnats to move away PIs so Americans can use lane
Encourage PI to love more like white Americans - restricted buffalo so forced to farming - struggles to adapt
No longer had hunting grounds

Gov provided money to move onto reservations ( to protect the PIs) areas of land rescered for them controlled by the gov- land Americans didn’t want - farming was impossible

Question 47

farming

Answer 47

majority of migrants = farmers by 1850s

low rainfall, few streams- not enough water fr livestock /crops

never been ploughed befofe= backbreaking work

extreme weather - crops freeze or shrivel

hailstones,thundersotmr,prairie flies,grasshoppers

no trees /timber to build- houses made out pf earth

Question 48

nature beliefs

Answer 48

land = sacred
live in harmony with. nature
only take what u need
everything alive - has spirit
farming = disrespect

greatest source of conflict between Americans and Indians

Question 49

beliefs on war

Answer 49

fought for hunting and living spaces and resources
not conquer land

young men = valuable for tribes - main hunters protectors
needed so methods to stop them dying - not heroic to die in battle- run away if outnumbered
‘counting coop’ = braver to get close enough to touch enemy than shoot from distance

Question 50

The Civil War

Answer 50

620,000 soldiers died in the American Civil War.
Over 1 million soldiers were severely injured in the war.
The average age of Unionist soldiers was 25.
So after the war, the US government had to deal with 1 million, young, injured, unemployed people. And it had to deal with men who had fought for the Confederacy (the South) and lost. These people resented the US government.

Question 51

Solutions to law and order

Answer 51

As more miles of telegraph wires were laid, communications improved.
As more miles of railroads connected more places, communications improved.
However, both railroads and the telegraph were slow means of communications.
Law and order still relied on local sheriffs to be good fighters with strong moral principles.
Some people turned to private companies for personal security or law and order. Abraham Lincoln used the Pinkerton Detective Company for his private security. In the 1890s, the Pinkertons had thousands of detectives and over 25,000 ‘reserves’. This was more detectives than the number of soldiers in the American army.