Minerals

Question 1

minerals

Answer 1

naturally occurring, inorganic, homogeneous substances; chemical elements

Question 2

major minerals

Answer 2

essential mineral nutrients required in the adult diet in amounts greater than 100 mg/day (MACROMINERALS)

Question 3

trace minerals

Answer 3

essential mineral nutrients required in the adult diet in amounts less than 100 mg/day (MICRONUTRIENTS)

Question 4

iron function

Answer 4

• part of every living cell
• hemoglobin: red blood cells, carries oxygen from lungs to body tissues
• myoglobin: muscle cells, carries and stores oxygen for muscle contraction

Question 5

iron RDA

Answer 5

• higher for women due to menstrual losses (18 mg)
• higher for vegetarians (RDA x 1.8)
• men: 8 mg

Question 6

iron food sources

Answer 6

• heme: animal flesh
• nonheme: plant and animal flesh
• promotors and inhibitors of iron absorption: vitamin C, MFP, tannic acid, phytates, calcium and phosphorus

Question 7

iron deficiency

Answer 7

• diminished iron stores
• transport iron decreases
• hemoglobin production declines
  iron deficiency anemia
• symptoms: pica

Question 8

iron toxicity

Answer 8

• difficult to excrete
• acute poisoning is fatal

Question 9

zinc function

Answer 9

• activate many enzymes
• vision
• immune function
• wound healing
• taste perception
• normal growth

Question 10

zinc food sources

Answer 10

• protein foods: meats, shellfish, poultry, oyster
• plant sources: legumes (not as well absorbed)

Question 11

zinc deficiency

Answer 11

• growth retardation
• impaired immune response

Question 12

zinc toxicity

Answer 12

• supplements may cause toxicity symptoms
• may impair copper and iron absorption

Question 13

selenium function

Answer 13

assists vitamin E as antioxidant

Question 14

selenium food sources

Answer 14

• widely distributed in foods
• meats and shellfish
• veggies and grains grown in selenium rich soil

Question 15

selenium deficiency

Answer 15

• rare
• soil in US and Canada is rich in selenium

Question 16

selenium toxicity

Answer 16

possible especially if supplements taken

Question 17

iodine function

Answer 17

• primary role is in synthesis of hormones released by thyroid gland
  hormones regulate:
• metabolic rate
• body temperature
• reproduction
• growth
• nerve and muscle formation

Question 18

iodine food sources

Answer 18

• seafood
• iodized salt (fast food)
• milk and yogurt

Question 19

iodine deficiency

Answer 19

• thyroid gland enlages (goiter)
• weight gain
• sluggishness

Question 20

iodine toxicity

Answer 20

depression of thyroid activity

Question 21

copper functions

Answer 21

• helps form hemoglobin
• energy release

Question 22

copper food sources

Answer 22

• organ meats
• seafood
• legumes
• nuts
• seeds

Question 23

copper deficiency

Answer 23

• rare
• anemia
• excess zinc interferes with copper absorption

Question 24

copper toxicity

Answer 24

supplements can cause toxicity

Question 25

chromium function

Answer 25

assists with carbohydrate metabolism

Question 26

chromium food sources

Answer 26

• meats
• grains
• vegetable oils

Question 27

sodium, potassium, and chloride function

Answer 27

• electrolytes are used to maintain fluid volume and acid-base balance
• nerve cell transmission
• vital to muscle contraction and heartbeat

Question 28

extracellular

Answer 28

sodium and chloride

Question 29

intracellular

Answer 29

potassium

Question 30

sodium, potassium and chloride food sources

Answer 30

• table salt (NaCl)
• potassium found in less processed foods (fruits, veggies, milk, yogurt, meat)
• as food is more processed, sodium levels increase and potassium levels decrease

Question 31

highest food source of sodium

Answer 31

sandwiches (21%)

Question 32

sodium, potassium, and chloride deficiency

Answer 32

• not diet related
• occur with prolonged vomiting and diarrhea (causes death)
  dehydration produces less severe losses
• muscle cramps
• loss of appetite
• mental confusion
• replace with normal foods

Question 33

sodium, potassium and chloride toxicity

Answer 33

• excess normally excreted
• salt-sensitive individuals may experience high blood pressure
• CDRR for NA is 2300 mg
• excess in supplements may cause muscle weakness and vomiting