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ANS 225 > Minerals > Flashcards

Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

Anion Definition

A

An atom or group of atoms carrying a negative charge

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2
Q

Cation Definition

A

an Atom or group of atoms carrying a positive charge

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3
Q

Goiter definition

A

a condition caused by an enlarged thyroid. often linked with iodine content

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4
Q

Goitrogens definition

A

foods, which suppresses thyroid function

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5
Q

H.y.P.P Definition

A

Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis a genetic condition that can be found in horses and humans where there is too much potassium in the blood (can be fatal)

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6
Q

Milk fever Definition

A

a condition that a dairy cattle may experience shortly after they begin lactating especially if they have insufficient calcium in their diets

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7
Q

Osteopenia definition

A

A disease potentially caused or escalated by low levels of calcium, phosphorus & vit. D in the diet. Low bone mineral density is the outcome.

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8
Q

Osteoporosis definition

A

a disease revealed by very low bone mineral density (2.5 times lower than normal) caused by an imbalance between bone formation and bone re-absorption.

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9
Q

Parakeratosis Definition

A

the imperfect formation of horn cells in the epidermis

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10
Q

Rickets definition

A

a disease affecting bone growth and mineralization in young animals that may be caused by the lack of either calcium, phosphorous, or vitamin D, or incorrect ration of two minerals

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11
Q

ruminants definition

A

any hoofed animal that digests its food in two steps. Example: cattle, goats, sheep, llama, giraffes, bison, buffalo, deer, wildbeast… etc.

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12
Q

spectrophotometry Definition

A

method of measuring individual minerals by looking at how they affect the spectrum of light

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13
Q

Tetany definition

A

condition of mineral imbalance in the body that results in severe muscle spams. (Death is possible outcome)

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14
Q

Categories of minerals

A

Macro and trace

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15
Q

Macro minerals

A

minerals required at high levels

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16
Q

trace minerals

A

minerals required in smaller amounts (Equally important)

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17
Q

minerals in macro minerals catergory

A

calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, potassium

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18
Q

How to learn mineral content in feed

A

burn feed at 600 degrees C (Ash test)

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19
Q

What is calcium needed for in diet?

A

Growth (bone and teeth), milk production, eggshell production, muscle contraction

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20
Q

How is calcium absorbed in the diet?

A

Vitamin D is needed for calcium to be absorbed

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21
Q

What do young animals with low calcium get?

A

rickets

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22
Q

what does rickets in young animals cause?

A

bow leggedness

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23
Q

what conditions do calcium deficiency cause?

A

Osteopenia, osteomalacia and osteoporosis

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24
Q

What happens when older animals do not have enough calcium?

A

weak bones

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25
Q

Without calcium in diet where do animals get their calcium from?

A

Their bones, this calcium is used in muscle and milk production

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26
Q

What are Downer cows?

A

cows with weak bones and without the ability to stand on their own due to these weak bones

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27
Q

Milk fever occurs when?

A

when dairy cattle have insufficient calcium in their diets. Can be experiencing shortly after lactating

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28
Q

Why is milk fever name misleading?

A

Cow does not actually have a fever

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29
Q

What is different in diet when a “dry” period occurs?

A

Less calcium is needed

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30
Q

What is dry period?

A

when female cattle is not producing milk

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31
Q

What happens when there is plenty of Ca in diet?

A

the cows’ body is set up to excrete excess Ca

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32
Q

When do Ca requirements skyrocket?

A

when a female cow calves and starts to produce milk

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33
Q

Why may a cows body not absorb Ca?

A

A rapid change of the needed level of calcium needed causes the body not to absorb some Ca even if there is adequate amounts of Ca in diet.

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34
Q

How to treat Milk Fever?

A

Administering Calcium intravenously

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35
Q

Intravenously definition

A

into or by means of a vein or veins.

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36
Q

Where is phosphorous found?

A

In high concentrations in bone and teeth

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37
Q

Three important things about phosphorus

A

Ca and P are regulated by hormones, too much P causes non-absorption of Ca, More Ca that P on a mammal diet

38
Q

Loggerhead sea turtles

A

lack sex chromosomes, can’t tell what gender until they mature, 30 yrs of age

39
Q

laparoscopy definition

A

a surgical procedure in which a fiber-optic instrument is inserted through the abdominal wall to view the organs in the abdomen or to permit a surgical procedure.

40
Q

What happens when sea turtles have too much P in relative to Ca?

A

Squishy soft shells

41
Q

What can excess P cause?

A

urinary calculi problems, especially in male ruminants

42
Q

Why is urinary calculi problems, especially in male ruminants dangerous?

A

Male ruminants have sigmoid flexture (s-shape) in their penis. A stone can lodge in there and block urethra. Death will occur when bladders ruptures.

43
Q

Where is magnesium found? Where is it used?

A

Mg is found in teeth and bones. Mg is used for muscle action.

44
Q

What does a deficiency in Mg cause?

A

muscle tetany, staggers, coma and death.

45
Q

What hinders Mg absorption?

A

The excess of potassium (K)

46
Q

What sulfur do animals need?

A

They do not require inorganic sulfur but do need two sulfur-containing amino acids: Cystine and Methionine

47
Q

How do methionine and Cystine fit into an animals diet?

A

Methionine is required in an animals diet but cyctine can be made from methionine in an animals diet.

48
Q

When do farmers need to have a higher met/cys ratio in an animals diet?

A

When wool, hair, or feathers are being produced and maintained

49
Q

sodium (Na), Chloride (Cl), and Potassium (K) are considered what?

A

Electrolytes

50
Q

Ingestion of sodium (Na), Chloride (Cl), and Potassium (K) are important for what?

A

fluid and nutrient balance in an animals body

51
Q

Sodium deficiency symptoms are?

A

reduced growth
decreased feed utilization
weight loss in adults and decreased milk production

52
Q

What do animals deficient in Na do?

A

Typically crave it and will try to eat anything which contains it.

53
Q

Potassium Deficiency symptoms include:

A

abnormal electrocardiograms (therefore abnormal heart activity)
muscle weakness
decreased growth
kidney lesions

54
Q

Chlorine deficiency symptom:

A

Reduced growth

55
Q

Sodium toxicity (where happen -animal or nah- & what is it linked to)

A

not common in animals but common in humans. Linked to hypertension, hear problems, and weight gain

56
Q

hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (Horses and people -can be fatal) (HyPP)

A

hyper” means “too much of,” “kal” refers to potassium, and “emic” means “in the blood.”

57
Q

What causes grass tetany and what is a symptom?

A

low Mg, muscle tremors

58
Q

What trace minerals are required?

A

B, Co, Cr, Cu, F, I, Fe, Mn, Mo, Se, Si, & Zn

59
Q

What are some trace minerals some species require?

A

Al, As, Cd, Ni, V, Sn, Br, Pb, & Li

60
Q

Why is copper important?

A

for a healthy hair coat, for growth, and for general health, cofactor in hemoglobin formation

61
Q

Symptoms of copper deficiencies

A

Faded hair coat (reddish color) in cattle or horses
“Steely wool” in sheep
Anemia in any species can result

62
Q

What complicates copper absorption?

A

-Having excess molybdenum (Mo; a Trace Mineral) & sulfur in the soil (and therefore forage) can tie up copper and it may not be absorbed as well.

-Cu requirement is 5x higher for grazing animals on high-molybdenum soils.

-High iron water (including pond water) also interferes with Cu absorption

-Sheep require Cu, but it is also toxic for them at lower levels than many species and therefore farmers have to be aware of potential issues.

63
Q

high-molybdenum soils

A

Soils that have high levels of Molybdenum.

64
Q

Molybdenum

A

processes proteins and genetic materials like DNA. Also helps break down drugs and toxic substances

65
Q

Selenium = Se

A

Important for normal reproduction

66
Q

When is Se toxic?

A

At 10x requirement amount

67
Q

What does Se also work as in the body

A

Antioxidant

68
Q

What is an Antioxidant?

A

Any substance that reduces oxidative damage

69
Q

Deficiency of Se and/or Vitamin E

A

-White muscle disease in lambs, calves, horses, poultry, swine, zoo animals
-Liver necrosis (death of tissue!) in pigs
-Deformities, pancreatic atrophy, edema in poultry

70
Q

Aminals grazing on high-Se soils can get what?

A

Blind staggers

71
Q

What are Blind staggers?

A

animal is walking around with abnormal gait as if they were blind or staggering. May not necessarily be blind.

72
Q

What can longer exposure to mildly high Se in grazing animals?

A

Alkali Disease

73
Q

What is alkali disease?

A

emaciation, loss of hair, deformation and shedding of hooves, loss of vitality and erosion of the joints of long bones

74
Q

what does the selenium content like in NC and other states across the US … high, low, medium?

A

Some parts of NC is more concentrated on selenium that others. We see it in the middle and towards the coast more. In terms of the US we see more Selenium in the central US and more northern US.

75
Q

Why is Zinc important?

A

for the integrity of skin, hooves, and feathers. Also used for normal protein metabolism and growth.

76
Q

What can be the result of a zinc deficiency?

A

Parakeratosis

77
Q

Parakeratosis definition

A

incomplete maturation of epidermal keratinocytes, resulting in abnormal retention of nuclei in the stratum corneum

78
Q

What can affect zinc absorption?

A

Excess Ca

79
Q

What can excess Zn do to the body?

A

Interferes with Cu metabolism

80
Q

Iron in the body

A

part of the blood hemoglobin molecule

81
Q

Deficiency in Iron (Fe) can cause?

A

-Anemia
-Milk from all species is low in iron, and baby pigs are born with low iron stores, so it is advisable to give them iron at birth (almost all farms do this routinely)
-Cu is required for proper Fe metabolism

82
Q

How do Piedmont animals get a sufficient amount of Fe?

A

Piedmont soil is high in iron

83
Q

What are other causes of anemia in animals?

A

-The body does not produce enough haemoglobin
-severe blood loss
-cancers
-high rates of blood cell production

84
Q

Iodine functions…

A

As part of thyroid hormone

85
Q

what does thyroid hormone control

A

rate of metabolism

86
Q

deficiency of iodine

A

hairless pigs and lambs at birth. In humans its estimated that those born with iodine deficiency have an IQ 15 points lower than normal

87
Q

How does iodine deficiency occur?

A

when goitrogens are present in feed

88
Q

Fluoride (F)

A

primarily considered essential due to its preventative effect against dental disease

89
Q

Chromium (Cr)

A

linked to increasing lean & decreasing fat in pigs (this has also been added to human weight loss pills as a lean enhancer - success is not consistent).

90
Q

Manganese (Mn)

A

These deficiencies are rare due to the high content in foodstuffs although if they do occur skeletal problems are the most common symptom; toxicities are rare although found in people who work in Mn mines in some countries (symptoms usually include dementia - sometimes confused with schizophrenia).

ANS 225 (9 decks)

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