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MMB > MMB (003) Cartilage and Endochondral Ossification > Flashcards

MMB (003) Cartilage and Endochondral Ossification Flashcards

1
Q

Mention type of connective tissue , and it’s components.

A

Fibroblasts + Collagen

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2
Q

Mention type of connective tissue , and it’s components.

A

Adipocytes+IC fat

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3
Q

Mention type of connective tissue , and it’s components.

A

Osteoblasts + osteoid matrix

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4
Q

Mention type of connective tissue , and it’s components.

A

Chondrocytes + Cartilagenous matrix

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5
Q
A
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6
Q

…. Is a condition where the tracheal cartilage is soft

A

Tracheomalacia

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7
Q

Mention complications of tracheomalacia

A

The trachea partly collapses especially during expiration

• Wheezes or Stridor is the usual symptom, especially during expiration

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8
Q

Is Tracheomalacia congenital or aqquired ?

A

Can be both ; chronic infection, prolonged intubation

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9
Q

If Tracheomalacia extends to the bronchi it’s called…

A

Tracheobronchomalacia

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10
Q

Are cartillage cells interconnected ?

A

No

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11
Q

General Cartilage composition ?

A
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12
Q

General composition of cartilage ECM ?

A
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13
Q

… is an example of Glycosaminoglycans , which are chemically composed of …

A

Hyaluronic acid , Long polysaccharide chains

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14
Q

Describe the structure

A

The proteoglycans interact with hyaluronic acid to form very large macromolecules which bind large quantities of water by osmotic pressure → stiff gel

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15
Q

This is an Electron micrograph of a ….() aggregate , a component of cartilage

A
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16
Q

Layers of Hyaline Cartilage ?

A

1- Perichondrium: 2 layers

2- Chondrocytes

3- Matrix:

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17
Q

The two layers of Perichondrium ?

A

• Outer fibrous layer: dense fibrous CT containing ,

blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics (Fibroblasts and collagen I)

• Inner chondrogenic layer: contains chondroblasts

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18
Q

Chondroblasts resembles… (cell)

A

Fibroblasts

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19
Q

Describe the perichondrium’s activity levels

A

High

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20
Q

Chondroblasts secretes :

A

Cartillage matrix & collagen II

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21
Q

Chondroblasts diffrentiate into …

A

Chondrocytes

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22
Q

Define the figure and mention the hidden

A

Hyaline cartillage

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23
Q

Matrix of hyaline cart. Is composed off …(fibres) :

A

collagen type II

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24
Q

Function of Outer fibrous layer ,, of perichondrium ??

A

-Nutrition of cartilage

-Gives muscle attachment

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25
Q

Function of Inner chondrogenic layer ,, of perichondrium ??

A

growth of cartilage

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26
Q

Fibers composition of Elastic cartilage ?

A

The regular Collagen II
+
Elastic fibers

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27
Q

Mention the stain used , the tissue and identify the hidden

A
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28
Q

Does Fibrocartilage contains perichondrium ?

A

No

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29
Q

Describe the composition of fibrocartillage

A

Rows of chondrocytes in lacunae,,
separated by parallel bundles of collagen fibres (type I)

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30
Q

Fibrocartillage collagen composition ?

A

Collagen II + Collagen I

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31
Q

… is the predominant collagen type present in cartilage

A

(Collagen II) is the predominant collagen type present in cartilage

32
Q

How is Cartilage norished ?

A

Nourished by diffusion of nutrients from capillaries in perichondrium or from synovial fluid in joint cavities

33
Q

2 ways by which a Cartilage can grow ?

A
34
Q

Bones can only grow through cartillage by … growth

A

Appositional

35
Q
A
36
Q
A
37
Q

Types of solid joints ?

A

-Fibrous
-Synchondrosis
-Symphysis

38
Q

The synovial fluid is a solution of…()

A

Hyaluronic acid

39
Q

Structure of Joint Synovium :

-The synovial surface is … (if flattened out the knee synovium would cover 100 m2)

-… layer of cells up to … cells deep

A
  • villous
  • discontinous ,, 4 cells
40
Q

Synovial cells are … in origin.

A

Mesenchymal

41
Q

Why are synovial cells not an epithelium ?

A

-Not connected by junctional complexes

-Do not rest on a basement membrane

42
Q

How many types of synoviocytes are there ?

A

Two :
-Type A synoviocytes
-Type B synoviocytes

43
Q

Define Type A synoviocytes :

A

-Macrophages containing lysosomal enzymes

44
Q

Type B synoviocytes secretes…

A

hyaluronic acid

45
Q

Normal synovial fluid also contains a small number of…(cells)

A

leucocytes

46
Q

Functions of Synovium ?

A

1) Control of diffusion in and out of joint

2) Ingestion of debris

3) Secretion of hyaluronate, immunoglobulins, and lysosomal enzymes

4) Lubrication of the joint

5) Providing nourishment for the avascular articular cartilage

47
Q

Structure of Synchondrosis ?

A

bone-cartilage-bone

48
Q

Describe amount of movement in Synchondrosis joints

A

Negligible movement

49
Q

Mention two examples of Synchondrosis

A
  • The first sternocostal joint

• Epiphyseal growth

• Base of skull until puberty

50
Q

Define Synostosis

A

Fusion of two bones

51
Q

Strucrure of Symphysis ?

A

bone-cartilage-fibrous tissue-cartilage-bone

52
Q

Permanent examples of Symphysis ?

A

pubic symphysis

intervertebral discs

53
Q

Temporary examples of Symphysis ?

A

infant mental symphysis

54
Q
A
55
Q

Define the joint

A

infant mental symphysis

56
Q
A
57
Q

Mineralization of Cartilage Occurs in 3 locations :

A

1) Junction of articular cartilage and subchondral bone

2) During endochondral ossification

3) In hyaline cartilage as part of the aging process

58
Q

… is a Mineralization of Cartilage that happens as part of the aging process

A

In hyaline cartillage

59
Q
A
60
Q

Mention the two types of bone ossification ?

A

-Intramembranous ossification

  • Endochondral ossification
61
Q

Explain Intramembranous ossification

A

Direct laying down of bone into the primitive connective tissue (mesenchyme) ,,

without a pre-existing cartilage template

62
Q

Explain Endochondral ossification

A

A cartilage is formed as precursor on which new bone is laid down

63
Q
A
64
Q
A
65
Q

Sequence of zones in Endochondral Ossification ?

A

1) Zone of resting (reserve) cartilage.

2) Zone of proliferation: cells divide, form columns; matrix formation

3) Zone of hypertrophy: chondrocytes enlarge; matrix formation

4) Zone of calcification: matrix mineralizing; chondrocytes probably all die (most probably die by apoptosis)

5) Erosion: blood vessels and osteogenic cells invade up lacunar rows

6) Ossification: bone formation on calcified cartilage scaffolding

66
Q
A
67
Q

Mention two bone-related diseases of Vitamin D Deficiency

A

-Rickets

-Osteomalacia

68
Q

Pathogenesis of Rickets ?

A

Defective mineralization or calcification of bones in children ;;

Growth plate widens - cartilage fails to mineralize

69
Q

Define the abnormality & mention the related disease

A

Rickets

70
Q

Osteomalacia pathogensis ?

A

-Adult disorder (after epiphyseal closure)

-Affects bone only, not the growth plate

-Newly -formed bone matrix fails to mineralise

the proportion of mineralised bone matrix is reduced softening of the bones

71
Q

Diseases of Cartilage Destruction ?

A

-Osteoarthritis

-Rheumatoid Arthritis

72
Q

Most common joint disease?

A

Osteoarthritis (OA)

73
Q

Pathogenesis of Osteoarthritis (OA) ?

A

-Localised condition resulting from trauma, wear and tear; fatigue

-Progressive loss of hyaline cartilage on the articular surface of bones

74
Q

…. Is a Systemic inflammatory disorder ,, a very severe form of arthritis.

A

Rheumatoid Arthritis

75
Q

Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis ?

A

the immune system attacks the joint including the synovial membrane, cartilage, and bone. If left untreated→ cartilage and bone erosion → erosion→ fibrosis and joint deformities

MMB (72 decks)

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