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Gross Anatomy > Mod 3: Lecture 1 - Abdominal Wall and Contents > Flashcards

Mod 3: Lecture 1 - Abdominal Wall and Contents Flashcards

1
Q

Abdominal Cavity

A
  • major part of the abdominopelvic cavity
  • — continuous inferiorly with the pelvic cavity
  • separated from the thoracic cavity by the diaphragm
  • — under cover of the thoracic cage superiorly
  • the location of most digestive organs, the spleen, and parts of the urogenital system (kidneys and most of the ureters)
  • enclosed anterolaterally by multilayered, musculoaponeurotic abdominal walls
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2
Q

Anterior Abdominal Wall

A
  • three flat muscles
  • — external oblique
  • — internal oblique
  • — transverse abdominis
  • — all anteriorly end in a strong sheetlike aponeurosis
  • —- an aponeurosis is similar to a tendon, but is flat instead of cord-like
  • —- the aponeuroses of these muscles interlace at the linea alba
  • —- linea alba is at the midline of the body
  • vertical muscles
  • — rectus abdominus
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3
Q

Pelvis: Osteology

A
  • develops from the fusion of three bones
  • Ilium: big flat upper region
  • Ischium: the under and back part of the bottom curve
  • Pubis: the center/top part of the bottom curve
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4
Q

Landmarks on the Pelvic Bones

A
  • serve as attachments for muscles and ligaments
  • all are bilateral
  • Iliac Crest: the big curve on the top of the ilium
  • ASIS: anterior superior iliac spine
  • — the ridge at the front end of the iliac crest
  • Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine: below the superior spine, where the bone juts back out after curving in
  • Pubic Symphysis: the cartilaginous disc in the middle of the pelvis
  • Pubic Tubercle: the little bump on the pubis just to the side of the pubic symphysis
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5
Q

External Oblique Muscles

  1. Attachments
  2. Action
  3. Innervation
A
  • orientation of fibers is the angle as if you were putting your hands in your front pockets
    1. - ribs 5-12
  • linea alba, pubic tubercle, iliac crest
    2. - compress, support abdominal viscera
  • flex and rotate trunk
    3. - segmental thoracoabdominal nerves
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6
Q

Internal Oblique Muscles

  1. Attachments
  2. Action
  3. Innervation
A
  • deep to the external obliques
  • fiber direction is angled down to the side of the body, opposite direction of the external obliques
    1. - thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, inguinal ligament
  • ribs 10-12, linea alba
    2. - compress, support abdominal viscera
  • flex and rotate trunk
    3. - segmental thoracoabdominal nerves
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7
Q

Transversus Abdominus (TA) Muscle

  1. Attachments
  2. Action
  3. Innervation
A
  • fibers are horizontal
    1. - ribs 7-12, costal cartilages, iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia
  • linea alba, pubic crest
    2. - compress, support abdominal viscera
    3. - segmental thoracoabdominal nerves
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8
Q

Rectus Abdominus

  1. Attachments
  2. Action
  3. Innervation
A
  • right in the middle of the anterior abdominal wall
    1. - pubic symphysis and pubic crest
  • xiphoid process and costal cartilages 5-7
    2. - compress, support abdominal viscera
  • flex trunk
  • — no rotation bc of vertical orientation
    3. - segmental thoracoabdominal nerves
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9
Q

Functions of the Abdominal Wall Musculature

A
  • form a strong expandable support
  • protect the abdominal viscera from injury
  • compress the abdominal contents
  • adjust intra-abdominal pressure and assist in expiration
  • move the trunk and help to maintain posture
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10
Q

Structure of the Inguinal Ligament and Canal

A
  • the edge of the aponeurosis of the external oblique folds to form the inguinal canal
  • —- superficial inguinal ring of tissue around it
  • the thickened underturned inferior edge of the aponeurosis of the external oblique forms the inguinal ligament
  • — spans between the ASIS and the pubic tubercle
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11
Q

Contents of the Inguinal Canal

A
  • Male: spermatic cord
  • — ductus deferens
  • — testicular artery
  • — sympathetic nerve fibers
  • Female: round ligament of the uterus
  • — helps support the uterus
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12
Q

Inguinal Hernia

A
  • when structures that are not supposed to, such as the small intestine, pass through the inguinal canal
  • — these organs are too large to fit comfortably
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13
Q

Peritoneum

A
  • a continuous, bilayered transparent serous membrane
  • lines the abdominopelvic cavity and encloses the viscera
  • Parietal Peritoneum: lining the internal surface of the abdominopelvic wall
  • — closer to the muscles
  • — outer layer
  • Visceral Peritoneum: enclosing the viscera, such as the stomach and intestines
  • — inner layer
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14
Q

Abdominal Organs under the Protection of the Ribs

A
  • the stomach, the liver, and spleen have some protection from the lower ribs
  • because the diaphragm is dome shaped
  • — the diaphragm curves up, leaving space in the abdominal cavity that is still under the ribs
  • the diaphragm, not the ribs, is the border of the thoracic and abdominal cavities
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15
Q

Abdominal Organs: Digestive System

A
  • Esophagus
  • Stomach
  • Small Intestine
  • Large Intestine
  • Rectum/Anus
  • Organs of Digestion
  • — Liver
  • — Gall Bladder
  • — Pancreas
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16
Q

Abdominal Organs: Other (Non-Digestive System)

A
  • Kidneys

- Spleen

17
Q

Esophagus: location

A
  • passes through the elliptical esophageal hiatus in the muscular right crus of the diaphragm
  • — just to the left of the median plane at the level of the T10 vertebra
  • — so most of it is in the thoracic cavity
  • terminates by entering the stomach at the cardial orifice of the stomach
  • — to the left of the midline at the level of the 7th left costal cartilage and T11 vertebra
  • — the inferior portion of it is in the abdominal cavity
18
Q

Stomach

  1. Function
  2. Regions
A
  1. mechanical and chemical digestion
    • Cardia: the part that receives the esophagus
      - Fundus the domed part superior at the top, superior to the end of the esophagus
      - Body: the middle, most of the stomach
      - Pyloric Region: where the stomach narrows to taper off, heading into the small intestine
      - — pyloric antrum and then pyloric canal
      - — pyloric sphincter
19
Q

Pyloric Sphincter

A
  • the pylorus is thickened to form the pyloric sphincter
  • — pylorus: the distal sphincteric region of the pyloric part of the stomach
  • controls discharge of the stomach contents through the pyloric orifice into the duodenum
  • — circular muscle which contracts and relaxes
20
Q

Small Intestine

A
  1. Duodenum: digestion
    - — duodenum is first bc you need to digest before you absorb and “d” is for digestion/duodenum
  2. Jejunum: absorption
    - — jejunum is second bc june starts the second half of the year
  3. Ileum: absorption
    - — ileum is third bc it is closest to the ilium of the pelvis
21
Q

Large Intestine

A
  • absorb water and salts
    1. Cecum
  • — ileocecal junction: where the ileum of the small intestine enters the large intestine
  • — the pouch that sticks out and precedes the ileocecal junction
    2. Ascending Colon
    3. Transverse Colon
    4. Descending Colon
    5. Sigmoid Colon
  • — the area right before the rectum
22
Q

Appendix

A
  • a blind intestinal diverticulum that contains masses of lymphoid tissue
  • — a 6-10 cm long pouch
  • arises from the posteromedial aspect of the cecum inferior to the ileocecal junction
  • — comes off of the end of the cecum
  • no specific function related to digestion
23
Q

Liver: Location

A
  • the normal liver lies deep to ribs 7 through 11 on the right side, but does cross somewhat over to the left side
24
Q

Liver: Function

A
  • processing nutrients from the digestive tract
  • making bile for digestion
  • removing toxins from blood
  • producing proteins such as clotting factors
25
Q

Liver: Structure

A
  • 4 Lobes
  • — right: biggest
  • — left: second biggest
  • — quadrate: in the center on the bottom, only visible from posterior side, significantly smaller than right and left lobes,
  • — caudate: in the center on the top, only visible from posterior side, smallest lobe
  • Porta Hepatis: hole in the liver that lets stuff through
  • — point of entry for hepatic arteries and portal vein
  • — point of exit for hepatic ducts
26
Q

Hepatic Circulation

A
  • Portal Vein
  • — chief vessel of the portal venous system
  • — shared pathway for blood from the GI tract back to the heart
  • — collects poorly oxygenated but nutrient rich blood from the abdominal part of the GI tract, including the spleen, pancreas, gall bladder
  • —- carries the blood back to the liver
  • — formed by the union of the splenic and superior mesenteric veins
  • — divides into right and left branches before entering the liver
  • The liver filters the nutrients out of the blood brought by the portal vein
  • Hepatic Vein: carries filtered blood out of the liver to the inferior vena cava
  • Hepatic Artery: supplies the parenchyma (tissue) of the liver
27
Q

Gall Bladder

A
  • stores and concentrates bile and releases it to the duodenum
  • — duodenum: first part of the small intestine
  • on the posterior inferior surface of the liver
28
Q

Pancreas

A
  • Digestive Function: enzyme production
  • found in the back of the abdomen, behind the stomach
  • — about 6 inches long
  • — head of the pancreas is on the right side and is connected to the duodenum
29
Q

Kidneys

A
  • Urinary System
  • Function: remove water, salt, etc. from the blood
  • Location: the superior poles of the kidneys lie deep to the 11th and 12th ribs
  • — right kidney is lower than the left
30
Q

Suprarenal (Adrenal) Gland

A
  • Endocrine system
  • located on top of the kidneys
  • — at the superior poles
  • two regions
  • — suprarenal (adrenal) cortex: produces steroid hormones and regulates fluid electrolytes, outer portion
  • — suprarenal (adrenal) medulla: produces epinephrine and norepinephrine (“stress hormones”), inner portion
31
Q

Spleen

A
  • located deep to left 9th through 11th ribs
  • normally does not descend inferior to the costal region
  • largest lymph organ
  • — contains B and T lymphocytes
  • filters blood
  • — digests bacteria and depleted RBC
  • receives blood via the large splenic artery
32
Q

Abdominal Blood Supply: Abdominal Aorta - Types of Branches

A
  • Anterior Visceral: GI tract, spleen
  • — unpaired
  • Lateral Visceral: reproductive organs, kidneys
  • — paired
  • Posterior Parietal: lumbar, sacral regions
  • — paired
  • Terminal Branches: hip region and lower extremities
  • —- two: the aorta splits
33
Q

Anterior Visceral Branches of the Abdominal Aorta

A

superior to inferior:

  • Celiac Trunk: artery to foregut
  • — esophagus, stomach, duodenum, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, spleen
  • Superior Mesenteric Artery: to midgut
  • — jejunum, ileum, cecum, ascending and 2/3 of transverse colon
  • Inferior Mesenteric Artery: to hindgut
  • — 1/3 of transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum
34
Q

Lateral Visceral Branches of the Abdominal Aorta

A
  • All are paired and go to paired organs
  • Inferior Phrenic: internal surface of the diaphragm, one to the left side of the abdominal aorta and one to the right
  • Suprarenal: adrenal glands
  • Renal: kidneys
  • Reproductive: ovaries/testes
35
Q

Terminal Branches of the Abdominal Aorta

A
  • At L4/5, the abdominal aorta terminates by dividing into two Common Iliac Arteries
  • — each common iliac terminates by dividing into an internal and external iliac
  • Internal Iliac (S1): supplies hip and gluteal muscles
  • External Iliac (S1): major blood supply for lower extremity
  • — becomes the femoral artery after passing under the inguinal ligament

Gross Anatomy (14 decks)

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