Modern Era Review

Question 1

Population revolution

Answer 1

Huge growth in population in Western Europe beginning about 1730; prelude to industrialization.

Question 2

Protoindustrialization

Answer 2

Preliminary shift away from an agricultural economy; workers become full or part-time producers who worked at home in a capitalist system in which materials, work, orders, and sales depended on urban merchants; prelude to the Industrial Revolution.

Question 3

American Revolution

Answer 3

Rebellion of the British American Atlantic seaboard colonies; ended with the formation of the independent United States.

Question 4

French Revolution

Answer 4

Overthrow of the Bourbon monarchy through a revolution beginning in 1789; created a republic and eventually ended with Napoleon’s French empire; the source of many liberal movements and constitutions in Europe.

Question 5

Louis XVI

Answer 5

Bourbon ruler of France who was executed during the radical phase of the French Revolution.

Question 6

Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen

Answer 6

Adopted during the French Revolution; proclaimed the equality of French citizens; became a source document for later liberal movements.

Question 7

Guillotine

Answer 7

Introduced as a method of humane execution; utilized during the French Revolution against thousands of individuals, especially during the Reign of Terror.

Question 8

Maximilien Robespierre

Answer 8

Leader of the radical phase of the French Revolution; presided over the Reign of Terror; arrested and executed by moderate revolutionaries.

Question 9

Napoleon Bonaparte

Answer 9

Army officer who rose in rank during the wars of the French Revolution; ended the democratic phase of the revolution; became emperor; deposed and exiled in 1815.

Question 10

Congress of Vienna

Answer 10

Met in 1815 after the defeat of France to restore the European balance of power.

Question 11

Liberalism

Answer 11

Political ideology that flourished in nineteenth-century western Europe; stressed limited state interference in private life, representation of the people in government; urged importance of constitutional rule and parliaments.

Question 12

Radicals

Answer 12

Followers of a nineteenth-century western European political emphasis; advocated broader voting rights than liberals; urged reforms favoring the lower classes.

Question 13

Socialism

Answer 13

Political ideology in nineteenth-century Europe; attacked private property in the name of equality; wanted state control of the means of production and an end to the capitalistic exploitation of the working class.

Question 14

Nationalism

Answer 14

European nineteenth-century viewpoint; often allied with other “isms”; urged the importance of national unity; valued a collective identity based on ethnic origins.

Question 15

Greek revolution

Answer 15

Rebellion of the Greeks against the Ottoman Empire in 1820; a key step in the disintegration of the Turkish Balkan empire.