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GEOLOGY > MODULE 1 > Flashcards

MODULE 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The science of the earth. It deals with different aspects of the earth as a whole.

A

Geology

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2
Q

The application of the geological sciences to engineering study for the purpose of assuring that the geological factors regarding the location, design, construction, operation, and maintenance of engineering works are recognized and accounted for.

A

Engineering Geology

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3
Q

The philosophy of engineering geology is based on three simple
premises.

A
  1. All engineering works are built in or on the ground;
  2. The ground will always, in some manner, react to the
    construction of the engineering work; and
  3. The reaction of the ground (its “engineering behavior”) to the
    particular engineering work must be accommodated by that
    work.
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4
Q

Main Branches of Geology (7)

A
  1. Physical Geology
  2. Mineralogy
  3. Petrology
  4. Structural Geology
  5. Historical Geology
  6. Paleontology
  7. Economic Geology
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5
Q

Allied Branches of Geology (5)

A
  1. Engineering Geology
  2. Mining Geology
  3. Geophysics
  4. Geohydrology
  5. Geochemistry
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6
Q

Example of Structural Failures due to Geological Causes

A

St. Francis Dam Disaster in 1928

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7
Q

Earth is nearly spherical, measuring
_____ from pole to pole and
_____ around the Equator,
and orbits the Sun at an average
distance of _____.

A

12,714 km
12,756 km
150 million km

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8
Q

Layers of Earth (8)

A
  1. Oceanic Crust
  2. Continental Crust
  3. Lithosphere
  4. Aesthenosphere
  5. Upper Mantle
  6. Lower Mantle
  7. Outer Core
  8. Inner Core
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9
Q

The birth of the Sun grew by the collapse of a slowly rotating
interstellar cloud of gas (mostly
hydrogen) and dust. This cloud is
referred to as the _____.

A

Solar Nebula

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10
Q

The process that changes solid rock into sediments. With this, rock is disintegrated into smaller pieces.

A

Weathering

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11
Q

The process that moves the sediments away from their
original position.

A

Erosion

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12
Q

The four forces of Erosion.

A
  1. Water
  2. Wind
  3. Glaciers
  4. Gravity
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13
Q

The forces of weathering and mass
wasting gradually wear those rocks and landscapes away are called _____.

A

Denudation

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14
Q

Also called physical weathering, it breaks rocks into smaller pieces.

A

Mechanical Weathering

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15
Q

Also called freeze-thaw weathering, is the main form of mechanical weathering in any climate that regularly cycles above and below the freezing point.

A

Ice Wedging

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16
Q

Another form of mechanical weathering. One rock bumps against another rock.

A

Abrasion

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17
Q

Different from mechanical weathering, rocks changes not just in size of pieces but in composition through chemical reactions.

A

Chemical Weathering

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18
Q

Important agents of chemical weathering.

A
  1. Water (most important)
  2. Carbon Dioxide
  3. Oxygen
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19
Q

The chemical reaction between a chemical compound and water. When this reaction takes place, water dissolves ions from the mineral and carries them away. These elements have undergone leaching.

A

Hydrolysis

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20
Q

The two main components of acid rain which accelerates chemical weathering.

A

Sulfuric and Nitric Acid

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21
Q

The chemical reaction that takes place when oxygen reacts with another element.

A

Oxidation

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22
Q

Influences on Weathering

A
  1. Rock and Mineral Type
  2. Climate
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23
Q

Occurs when loose, water saturated sediment begins to compact causing the ground surface to collapse.

A

Subsidence

24
Q

Stages of Stream Development (Zones)

A
  1. Headwaters
  2. Transfer zone
  3. Depostional zone
25
Q

Happens when two blocks of the earth suddenly slip past one another. The surface where they slip is called fault or fault plane.

A

Earthquake

26
Q

The study of earthquakes and the waves they create.

A

Seismology

27
Q

A scientist who study and measure earthquakes to learn more about them and to use them for geological
discovery.

A

Seismologist

28
Q

Recordings of the ground shaking at the specific location of the seismograph.

A

Seismograms

29
Q

Recording instruments used to record the motion of the ground during an earthquake

A

Seismographs

30
Q

The internal part of the seismograph, which may be a pendulum or a mass mounted on a spring; however, it is often used synonymously with seismograph.

A

Seismometer

31
Q

The place of origin of the earthquake in the interior of the earth

A

Focus, Origin, Center, or Hypocenter

32
Q

The place on the earth’s surface, which lies directly above the center of the earthquake.

A

Epicenter

33
Q

The point on the earth’s surface diametrically
opposite to the epicenter

A

Anticenter

34
Q

The imaginary line that joins the center and the epicenter. This represents the minimum distance that the earthquake has to travel to reach the surface of the earth.

A

Seismic Vertical

35
Q

An imaginary line joining the points of the same intensity of the earthquake.

A

Isoseismal

36
Q

An imaginary line that joins the points at which the earthquake waves have arrived at the earth’s surface at the same time.

A

Coseismal

37
Q

The form of the transmitted energy released from the focus at the time of the earthquake.

A

Seismic Waves

38
Q

Proportional to the energy released by an earthquake at the focus. It is calculated from earthquakes recorded by a seismograph.

A

Magnitude

39
Q

The strength of an earthquake as perceived and felt by people in a certain locality.

A

Intensity

40
Q

Earthquakes with a focus depth of less than 50 km.

A

Shallow Earthquakes

41
Q

Earthquakes with a focus depth of more than 50 km but less than 250 km.

A

Intermediate Earthquakes

42
Q

Earthquakes with a focus depth of more than 250 km.

A

Deep Earthquakes

43
Q

Classification of Earthquakes

A
  1. Based on depth of focus
  2. Based on the cause of occurrence
44
Q

Earthquakes due to internal causes, i.e., due to disturbances or adjustments of geological formations taking place in the earth’s interior.

A

Tectonic Earthquakes

45
Q

Earthquakes due to external or surficial causes.

A

Non-tectonic Earthquake

46
Q

Explain Elastic Rebound Theory

A

Over time stresses in the Earth build up (often caused by the
slow movements of tectonic plates). At some point, the stresses become so great that the Earth breaks… An earthquake rupture occurs and relieves some of the stresses (but generally not all).

47
Q

Types of Fault (3)

A
  1. Normal Fault
  2. Reverse Fault
  3. Strike-slip Fault
48
Q

Types of Seismic Waves (4)

A

Body waves
1. P-wave
2. S-wave
Surface Waves
3. Rayleigh Wave
4. Love Wave

49
Q

The first seismic wave detected by seismographs; able to move through both liquid and solid rock.

A

P-wave

50
Q

Body waves that oscillate the ground perpendicular to the direction of wave travel. They travel about 1.7 times slower than P waves. They do not travel through liquids, they produce vertical and horizontal motion on the ground surface.

A

S-Wave

51
Q

Surface waves that move in an elliptical motion, producing both a vertical and horizontal component of motion in the direction of wave propagation.

A

Rayleigh Wave

52
Q

Surface waves that move parallel to the Earth’s surface and perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation.

A

Love Wave

53
Q

In the Philippines, this organization provides information on significant earthquakes and tsunami events that may significantly impact our country.

A

Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS)’ National Earthquake Monitoring and
Information Initiative

54
Q

Effects of Earthquakes on Structures (4)

A
  1. Ground Conditions
  2. Building Design and Construction
  3. Materials
  4. Resonance Frequency
55
Q

The NSCP 2015 in Section ___:
Earthquake Loads give us the earthquake provisions to design seismic-resistant structures to safeguard against major structural damage that may lead to loss of life and property.

The procedures and the limitations for the design of structures shall be determined considering the seismic zoning, site characteristics, occupancy, configuration,
structural system and height in accordance with the code.

A

208

GEOLOGY (2 decks)

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