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Physiology Module 1 > Module 1: Cell and Molecular Physiology > Flashcards

Module 1: Cell and Molecular Physiology Flashcards

0
Q

Ability to maintain stable environment; The goal of all physiologic processes

A

Homeostasis

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1
Q

Maintenance of nearly constant conditions in the internal environment

A

Homeostasis

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2
Q

Internal environment for our trillions of cells

A

Milieu interieur

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3
Q

T or F: ECF maintains the internal environment or milieu interieur.

A

T

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4
Q

2/3 of TBW

A

ICF

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5
Q

1/3 of TBW

A

ECF

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6
Q

Plasma is ____ of the ECF while, interstitial fluid is ____.

A

1/4; 3/4

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7
Q 
A 70kg man is approximately composed up of 42 liters of water. How much of the man is...?
A) ICF
B) ECF
C) IF
D) Plasma
A

A) ICF=0.4 x 70kg=28L
B) ECF=0.2 x 70kg=14L
C) IF=0.75 x 14L=10.5
D) Plasma= 0.25 x 14L=3.5L

Note: TBW(60%), ICF(40%), ECF(20%), Plasma(25% of ECF), IF(75% of ECF)

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8
Q

Systems involved in regulation of body functions

A

Nervous system; Hormone system; Immune system, Integumentary system

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9
Q

Nervous system regulates body functions through its _____, _____, _____ and, _____ control.

A

Input (sensory), Integrative (CNS), Output (motor), Autonomic

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10
Q

This system distinguishes its own cells from foreign cells and substances and, destroys invades by phagocytosis or by producing sensitized lymphocytes or special proteins.

A

Immune system

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11
Q

Reaction time: Nervous vs Hormonal

A

Fast; Slow

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12
Q

Mediators: Nervous vs Hormonal

A

Neurons; Hormones

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13
Q

Type of message: Nervous vs Hormonal

A

Electrical impulse; Organic message

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14
Q

Response target: Nervous vs Hormonal

A

External envt; Internal envt

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15
Q

Linking mechanism: Nervous vs Hormonal

A

Nerves/ synapses; Blood/circulatory

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16
Q

Effectors: Nervous vs Hormonal

A

Muscles and glands; Organ systems

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17
Q

Function: Nervous vs Hormonal

A

Nervous coordination; Chemical/metabolic coordination

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18
Q

Boundary between the body’s internal environment and the outside world

A

Integumentary system

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19
Q

The degree of effectiveness with which a control system maintains constant condition

A

Gain of control system

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20
Q

Formula for GAIN

A

Gain=correction/error

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21
Q

Feedback mechanisms are mostly ______ in nature.

A

Negative

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22
Q

Series of changes that return the factor toward a certain mean value

A

Negative feedback

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23
Q

Blood clotting: neg or pos feedback?

A

Positive

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24
Q

Child birth: neg or pos feedback?

A

Positive

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25
Q

Feed-forward control is also known as

A

Adaptive control

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26
Q

A form of delayed negative feedback

A

Feed-forward control

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27
Q

Basic unit of life

A

Cell

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28
Q

A collective term for different substances that make up the cell

A

Protoplasm

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29
Q

Protoplasm is composed mainly of five basic substances and what are these?

A 
Water
Electrolytes
Proteins
Lipids
Carbohydrates
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30
Q

Principal fluid of the cell

A

Water

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31
Q

Water us present 70% to 85% in most cells except for? (2)

A

Fat cells; Bone cells (less h2o)

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32
Q

Inorganic chemicals for cellular reactions

A

Electrolytes

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33
Q

Proteins can be classified into:

A

Structural; Functional

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34
Q

Long intracellular filaments that form microtubules and fibrillar proteins, examples are cytoskeleton of cellular organelles and fibrillar proteins in collagen and elastin fibers

A

Structural proteins

35
Q

Composed of combinations of a few molecules in tubular-globular form, examples are enzymes

A

Functional proteins

36
Q

Soluble in fat solvents but insoluble in water

A

Lipids

37
Q

2% of total cell mass; forms the cell membrane and membrane barriers

A

Phospholipids and cholesterol

38
Q

In fat cells, this constitutes 95% of cell mass

A

Triglycerides (neutral fat)

39
Q

Has little structural function in the cell except as parts of glycoprotein molecule; cellular nutrition

A

Carbohydrates

40
Q

Thin, pliable, elastic structure

A

Cell membrane

41
Q

Composition of the cell membrane

A 
Proteins-55%
Phospholipids-25%
Cholesterol-13%
Other lipids-4%
Carbohydrates-3%
42
Q

The fluid mosaic model is conceptualized by

A

Singer and Nicholson in 1972

43
Q

Fluid mosaic model?

A

Cell membrane is composed of phospholipid bilayer

44
Q

Parts of the cell membrane

A

Phospholipid bilayer
Membrane proteins
Membrane carbohydrates (glycocalyx)
Other membrane lipids

45
Q

T or F: In the phospholipid bilayer, the phosphate end is hydrophobic.

A

F. It is hydrophilic or soluble in water.

46
Q

The fatty acid end of the phospholipid bilayer: hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

Hydrophobic. Soluble only in fats

47
Q

Possession of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties

A

Amphipathic

48
Q

Integral proteins are anchored and embedded in the cell membrane through _________ interactions.

A

Hydrophobic

49
Q

This type of proteins may span the cell membrane

A

Transmembrane proteins

50
Q

These proteins are not embedded in the cell membrane.

A

Peripheral proteins

51
Q

Peripheral proteins are loosely attached to the cell membrane by?

A

Electrostatic interactions

52
Q

Motor protein which drives transport form the center to the periphery

A

Kinesin

53
Q

Motor protein which drives transport from the periphery to the center

A

Dynein

54
Q

Loose carbohydrate coat of cell membrane

A

Glycocalyx

55
Q

Functions of glycocalyx

A

Imparts a negative electrical charge
Attachment for other cells
Receptor substances for binding hormones
Immune reactions

56
Q

Functions of cholesterol

A

Determine the degree of permeability of the bilayer to water-soluble constituents
Controls much of the fluidity of the membrane

57
Q

Specialized cellular subunit found in the cytoplasm that has a specific function; usually membrane-bound

A

Cellular organelles

58
Q

Provide rigid physical support for certain parts of the cells (intracellular scaffolding)

A

Cytoskeleton

59
Q

Cytoskeleton: fibrillar proteins synthesized by _______ in the cytoplasm.

A

Ribosomes

60
Q

Give two examples of cytoskeleton

A

Filaments: actin filaments in cytoplasm, actin and myosin filaments in muscles
Microtubules: flagellum in sperm, cilia in respiratory tract, centrioles, mitotic spindle

61
Q

Powerhouse of the cell

A

Mitochondria

62
Q

Mitochondria forms ______ used for membrane transport, synthesis of chemicals and mechanical work

A

ATP

63
Q

T or F: Mitochondria
A. Self-replicative
B. Has its own DNA that is paternally-derived
C. Has its own genetic code

A

A. T
B. F, maternally-derived mitochondrial DNA
C. T

64
Q

Network of tubular and flat vesicular structures

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

65
Q

Machinery for major metabolic functions of the cell

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

66
Q

RER is also called

A

Granular ER

67
Q

RER is composed of large numbers of _______ attached to its outer surface

A

Ribosomes

  • mixture of RNA and proteins
  • function in protein synthesis
68
Q

T or F: all ribosomes in a cell are bound to RER.

A

F, not all

69
Q

Also called Agranular ER

A

SER

70
Q

T or F: SER also has attached ribosomes on its surface.

A

F, no attached ribosomes

71
Q

Functions of SER

A

Detoxification of substances

Synthesis of lipids

72
Q

Smooth ER in skeletal muscles

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

73
Q

Rough ER in neurons

A

Nissl substance

74
Q

Composed of four or more stacked layers of thin, flat, enclosed vesicles lying near one side of the nucleus

A

Golgi apparatus

75
Q

Functions of Golgi apparatus

A

Packaging of proteins

Molecular tagging

76
Q

Vesicular organelles that form by breaking off from the Golgi apparatus

A

Lysosomes

77
Q

Only protein that is modified in the RER and not in Golgi

A

Collagen

78
Q

Suicide bags of cells

A

Lysosomes

79
Q

Formed by self-replication or budding off from SER

A

Peroxisomes

80
Q

Peroxisomes contain these enzymes (2)

A

Oxidase, Catalase

81
Q

Also called secretory granules

A

Secretory vesicles

82
Q

Functions of secretory vesicles

A

Storage of proenzymes

Replenish the plasma membrane whenever it forms phagocytic or pinocytic vesicles

83
Q

Control center of cells

A

Nucleus

84
Q

Also called nuclear envelope

A

Nuclear membrane

85
Q

T or F: Nucleolus does not have limiting membrane.

A

T

Physiology Module 1 (4 decks)

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