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Biology: Unit 1 > Module 1: Cells (Cell Structure) > Flashcards

Module 1: Cells (Cell Structure) Flashcards

0
Q

What is the resolution and magnification of a transmission electron microscope?

A

Resolution: 0.2nm
Magnification: x500 000

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1
Q

What is the resolution and magnification of a light microscope?

A

Resolution: 200nm
Magnification: x1500

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2
Q

What is the resolution and magnification of a scanning electron microscope?

A

Resolution: 0.2nm
Magnification: x100 000

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3
Q

Define Magnification.

A

The degree to which an image is larger than the object itself.

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4
Q

Define Resolution.

A

The degree to which it is possible to distinguish between two separate points.

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5
Q

Why is staining required in microscopy?

A

A lot of biological material is not coloured so details cannot be seen
Some material distorts when they’ve been cut into thin sections

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6
Q

How does staining work in light microscopy?

A

Stains allow various components of a cell to be distinguished from each other; because different parts will stain different colours; it allows for a greater contrast

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7
Q

Staining in light and electron microscopy.

A

Light: colours or fluorescent dyes
Electron: metal particles or metal salts

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8
Q

How do you calculate the linear magnification of an image?

A

Magnification = Image Size/Actual Size

M = I/A

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9
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

It houses nearly all of the cell’s genetic material which codes for the synthesis of proteins.
It contains chromatin which consists of DNA and protein.

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10
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus?

A

It makes RNA and ribosomes.

It is the site of the synthesis of ribosomes.

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11
Q

What is the function of the nuclear envelope?

A

It is the membrane enclosing the nucleus.
It contains nuclear pores which allow content to move in and out of the nucleus. e.g. mRNA leaves the nucleus through nuclear pores to go to ribosomes.

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12
Q

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?

A

Contains ribosomes on the surface.
Synthesis of proteins by attached ribosomes.
Transport of proteins for modification or secretion.

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13
Q

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?

A

Synthesis and transport of lipids.

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14
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

A

Modification and packaging of proteins into vesicles for storage or secretion

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15
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Synthesise polypeptides from amino acids using the base sequence code of messenger RNA (mRNA)

16
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

The site of synthesis of ATP

17
Q

What is the function of lysosomes?

A

Contain powerful digestive enzymes (LYSOZYME) which breaks down materials inside the cell.

18
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts?

A

The site of photosynthesis in plants, which manufactures carbohydrates.

19
Q

What is the function of the plasma (cell surface) membrane?

A

Partially permeable, regulating the transport of material into and out of the cell
Cell recognition and signalling
Separates cell contents from the outside environment

20
Q

What is the function of centrioles?

A

Organises the spindle during cell division

The spindle moves the chromosomes during nuclear division

21
Q

What is the function of the cilia and flagella?

A

Movement of liquids outside the cell
Locomotion of the cell
Requires ATP energy for movement

22
Q

Outline the interrelationship between the organelles involved in the production and secretion of proteins (no detail
of protein synthesis is required).

A
  1. The gene containing the instructions for the production of the hormone is copied onto a piece of mRNA
  2. mRNA leaves the nucleus through a nuclear pore
  3. mRNA attaches to a ribosome
  4. Ribosome reads the instruction to assemble the protein
  5. Molecules are packaged in vesicles, and travel to the Golgi Apparatus
  6. Vesicle fuses with Golgi Apparatus
  7. Golgi Apparatus modifies and packages proteins, ready for release
  8. Molecules move in vesicles to cell surface membrane
  9. Vesicles fuse with cell surface membrane
  10. Molecules are released

Biology: Unit 1 (1 decks)

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