Module #10 Test

Question 1

Pseudopod

Answer 1

A temporary, foot-like extension of a cell, used for locomotion or engulfing food

Question 2

Spore

Answer 2

A reproductive cell with a hard, protective coating

Question 3

Plakton

Answer 3

Tiny organisms that float in the water

Question 4

Zooplankton

Answer 4

Tiny floating organisms that are either small animals or protozoans

Question 5

Phytoplankton

Answer 5

Tiny floating photosynthetic organisms, primarily algae

Question 6

Pellicle

Answer 6

A firm, flexible coating outside the plasma membrane

Question 7

Eyespot

Answer 7

A light-sensitive region in certain protists

Question 8

Holdfast

Answer 8

A special structure used by an organism to anchor itself

Question 9

Sessile colony

Answer 9

A colony that used holdfasts to anchor itself to an object

Question 10

Extracellular digestion

Answer 10

Digestion the takes place outside of the cell

Question 11

Mycelium

Answer 11

The part of the fungus responsible for extracellular digestion and absorption of digested food

Question 12

Hypha

Answer 12

A filament of fungal cells

Question 13

Chitin

Answer 13

A chemical that provides both toughness and flexibility

Question 14

Zygospore

Answer 14

A zygote surrounded by a hard, protective covering

Question 15

Membrane

Answer 15

A thin covering of tissue

Question 16

Which thing describes most protists?

Answer 16

Most protists are unicellular eukaryotic

Question 17

Which genera contain organisms with chloroplasts?

Answer 17

Euglena and Spirogyra each use chlorophyll for photosynthesis and thus have chloroplasts. The other two genera contain exclusively heterotrophic organisms, which obviously don’t photosynthesize

Question 18

What is the function of a contractile vacuole?

Answer 18

A contractile vacuole collects excess water in a cell and releases it into the surroundings to reduce the pressure inside the cell.

Question 19

Why do some protists need contractile vacuole?

Answer 19

Without contractile vacuoles, freshwater protists would explode.

Question 20

What are the different means of locomotion between amoeba, euglena, and paramecium?

Answer 20

Amoeba uses pseudopods which it creates by deforming its body and streaming its cytoplasm.

The euglena whips a flagellum to move.

Paramecia use beating cilia to move.

Question 21

How are amoeba, euglena, and paramecia similar?

Answer 21

The only similarity is between the amoeba and euglena in that the euglena can deform its body in an almost earthworm-type motion. This is something like the amoeba’s motion and is used to supplement the euglena’s flagellum when it wants to move quickly.

Question 22

Name some of the pathogenic (harmful) organisms from kingdoms Protista

Answer 22

Entamoeba hisolytica, Trypanosoma, Balantidium coli., Plasmodium, and Toxoplasma

Question 23

Why do ciliates have two nuclei? what is the purpose of each?

Answer 23

Ciliated require so much energy that they must have a nucleus (macronucleus) devoted solely to metabolism. The other, smaller nucleus (micronucleus) controls reproduction

Question 24

What is the difference between conjugation that occurs between paramecia and conjugation that occurs between bacteria?

Answer 24

In conjugation between paramecia, there is a mutual exchange of DNA so that each paramecium gets new DNA. When bacteria conjugate, only one bacterium (the recipient) gets new DNA

Question 25

What is unique about the way euglena obtain food?

Answer 25

Euglena have chloroplasts and can produce its own food by photosynthesis OR it lives on the dead remains of other organisms. It is a combination of autotrophic and heterotrophic behaviors.

Question 26

When a slime mold forms a plasmodium, what type of organism does it resemble?

Answer 26

In its feeding stage, a acellular slime mold folds a plasmodium. During that time, it resembles and amoeba.

Question 27

What is the easiest way to get rid of slime molds?

Answer 27

Slime molds must have water to survive. Keep the habitat dry, and all slime molds will die

Question 28

What group of organisms is responsible for most of the photosynthesis that occurs on Earth? To what phylum do these organisms belong?

Answer 28

Diatoms. They belong to the phylum Chrysophyta

Question 29

What are large deposits of diatom remains called? List two uses of these deposits

Answer 29

They are called diatomaceous earth. They are used as abrasives and filters

Question 30

What is red tide?

Answer 30

An algae bloom of dinoflagellates, which belong to phylum Pyrrophyta

Question 31

What two groups of protists principally contain macroscopic algae? To which phyla do they belong?

Answer 31

The phyla Phaeophyta and Rhodophyta typically contain microscopic algae

Question 32

What substance produced by members of phylum Phaeophyta is useful for thickening ice cream, pudding, dressing, and jelly beans?

Answer 32

Alginic acid (or just align) in their cell walls.

Question 33

What is a mycelium? Describe its function

Answer 33

Mycelium is interwined branches of hyphae. It is responsible for absorption of nutrients.

Question 34

What is the difference between septet and nonseptate hyphae

Answer 34

Septate hyphae have cell walls to separate the cells while nonseptate hyphae do not

Question 35

What is the difference between a rhizoid hypha and a stolon?

Answer 35

Rhizoid hyphae anchor, support, and release enzymes to digest food for the fungus. A stolon asexually reproduces to help grow the fungus.

Question 36

What is the main difference between shelf fungi, puffballs, and mushrooms?

Answer 36

Main difference is where they form their spores.
-Mushrooms: Forms spores on basidia that exist in the gills of the cap
-Puffballs: Forms spores on basidia enclosed in a membrane.
-Shelf fungi: Produces spores on basidia in pores on the fruiting body

Question 37

What three ways can a bread mold reproduce?

Answer 37

(1): Bread molds can ASEXUALLY reproduce when a stolon elongates and eventually starts another mycelium
(2): It can ASEXUALLY reproduce when a sporangiophore produces spores
(3): It can SEXUALLy produce when hyphae of opposite mating types form a zygospore

Question 38

What are some maladies caused by pathogenic fungi? (Only really need to know two; but its good to know more)

Answer 38

1: crop damage from rusts or smut
2: chestnut blight
3: dutch elm disease
4: ergot of rye
5: potato wart
6: athlete’s foot
7: ringworm
8: candida yeast fungal infections
9: cordyceps infection in insects

Question 39

Even though member of phylum Deuteromycota resemble member of other phyla in kingdom Fungi, what do they all have in common?

Answer 39

Members of phylum Deuteromycota all have no known mode of sexual reproduction. They are know as imperfect fungi

Question 40

What are the two major forms of mutualism in which fungi participate?

Answer 40

By forming lichens and mycorrhizae. A lichen is a mutualist relationship between a fungus and an alga. The alga produces food for both creatures via photosynthesis, and the fungus supports and protects the alga. Mycorrhizae are mutualistic relationships between fungus’ mycelium and a plant’s root system. The mycelium takes nutrients from the root while it collects mineral from the soil and gives them to the root.

Question 41

What main role do fungi play in every environment?

Answer 41

Fungi decompose non-living organic matter and recycle nutrients.

Question 42

Sac fungi

Answer 42

Live in land and in Marin and freshwater habitats. Belong to phylum Ascomycota. Spore-containing reproductive structures are called asci and their spores are called ascospores.

Question 43

Club fungi

Answer 43

Belong to phylum Basidiomycota. They from spores (called basidiospore) on club-shaped cells known as basidia. Mushrooms

Question 44

Zygote fungi

Answer 44

Common molds; they produce spores in structures called zygospores. Phylum Zygomycota. Has rhizoid (are hyphae that penetrates through surface), stolons, and sporangiophores (produces spores)

Question 45

How to paramecium conjugate?

Answer 45

Through oral groove

Question 46

Compare and contrast euglenas and dinoflagellates

Answer 46

Both are unicellular, photosynthetic organism. Euglenas have no cell wall (just pellicle), only one flagellum, and an eyespot. Dinoflagellates do have a cell wall, two flagella, and no eyespot.