Module 11

Question 1

Lamarck’s theory of evolutionary change

Answer 1

characteristics are acquired via use/disuse

Question 1

Fossil record

Answer 1

the determined age and category of fossils that shows evolution and species over the span of millions of years

Question 2

Homologies in anatomy and embryology

Answer 2

different species share some similar attributes either from a shared ancestor or common environment

Question 3

vestigal structures

Answer 3

unused structures without function

Question 4

biogeography

Answer 4

the geographic distribution of animals across the world. There are similar species in Africa and South America, but they will have differences.

Question 5

Molecular biology

Answer 5

the fact that we all share the same cell/genetic replication processes is proof of a common ancestor. We can also see at the genetic level where mutations and variations occur

Question 6

evolution

Answer 6

the change in allele frequency in a population over time

Question 7

allele

Answer 7

a variation or version of a gene

Question 8

Fitness

Answer 8

the number of offspring an organism produces, not how big or strong an organism is

Question 9

Recipe for natural selction

Answer 9

1. variation
2. heritability
3. reproductive advantage

Question 10

Sources of genetic variation

Answer 10

mutation, sexual reproduction

Question 11

divergent evolution (homologous structures)

Answer 11

two species evolve in different direction from common points
ex: vertebrate forearm = common ancestor

Question 12

Convergent evolution (analogous structures)

Answer 12

similar structures evolve independently/do not originate in a common ancestor; du to similar selective pressures

Question 13

genetic drift

Answer 13

effect of change; random change in gene frequency especially in small populations

Question 14

bottleneck effect

Answer 14

population size decreases by A LOT from natural disasters etc

Question 15

founder effect

Answer 15

members of a population go and start a new population that is smaller and less diverse than the original

Question 16

gene flow

Answer 16

flow of alleles in and out of a population resutling from the migration of individuals or games (pollen, butterflies)

Question 17

biological species concept

Answer 17

members of the same species are capable of mating and producing fertile offspring

Question 18

speciation

Answer 18

populations evolve to become distinct species

Question 19

genetic divergence

Answer 19

the accumulation of genetic differences between two populations

Question 20

prezygotic mechanisms

Answer 20

a form of reproductive isolation - prevents mating or fertilization
- temporal
- habitat
- behavioral
- mechanical

Question 21

postzygotic mechanisms

Answer 21

prevent zygote development or reproduction
- reduced hybrid viability
- reduced hybrid fertility

Question 22

Allopatric speciation

Answer 22

a geographic barrier between individuals from two natural populations

Question 23

Sympatric speciation

Answer 23

takes place in a single geographic area