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Anth 180 > Module 11 - Ethics > Flashcards

Module 11 - Ethics Flashcards

1
Q

What is a violation of sepulcher/sepulture?

A

For someone to open your grave up and violate it

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2
Q

What justifies archeologists excavating burials?

A

There are certain burials that are prohibited and others that are acceptable, permission must be granted by authority, must be respectful unlike looters

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3
Q

True or false. The Lord of Sipan’s grave was looted

A

True

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4
Q

What is the name given to looters in Peru?

A

El Huaquero

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5
Q

What is a huaco?

A

clay plot

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6
Q

What is a huaca?

A

sacred mound

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7
Q

Where are the Egyptian tombs that are still being looted?

A

Gurna, Egypt

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8
Q

Why did the victorian problem of graverobbing occur?

A

Scientists and medical doctors wanted bodies for experiments and to teach dissection to medical students

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9
Q

Burke and Hare, what did they do and why?

A

Murdered 16 people for the purpose of scientific dissection

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10
Q

What did Victor Frankenstein do? Story of Frankenstein.

A

stole bodies of deceased to create his monster himself

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11
Q

What is MortSafes?

A

an iron cage that is built over graves

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12
Q

What kept grave robbers out of the cemetery?

A

fences

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13
Q

Explain the Dickson Mound.

A

An archeologist named Dr. Dickson discovered a Native American cemetery in his property. He sold is land to Illinois and was made a museum called Dickson Mounds

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14
Q

What was the ethical issue with the Dickson Mound?

A

It is not right to showcase corpses of a Native American tribe, their bodies should be left at peace an

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15
Q

What happened to the controversy of Dickson Mounds, what was the resolution to the ethical issue?

A

This event helped pass the NAGPRA act was passed in 1990 for Illinois

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16
Q

Who is often referred to as the “father of American anthropology?

A

Franz Boas

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17
Q

How were Native Americans described at the 1893 World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago?

A

“living fossils”

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18
Q

What is Slack Farm? How did it influence NAGPRA?

A

Looting of 640 Indian graves and this lead to NAGRPA to become a national law

19
Q

Why was NAGPRA passed?

A

1) The American Indian Movement (AIM) and the Red Power movement lobbied for equal rights for Native peoples
2) This extended to equal rights for the dead as well
3) Native peoples were legally forbidden from practicing their traditional religions until 1978
4) The Slack Farm episode was the final straw

20
Q

What is Pro NAGPRA?

A

Native Americans should have the right to assert ownership and control of objects they declare sacred, including burials of deceased Native Americans

21
Q

What is Anti NAGPRA?

A

Archaeologists and anyone else should be able to excavate all ancient remains in the ground if they get a landowner’s permission, and these materials should be available for sale, for study, and for exhibitions. Museums should retain the collections they have

22
Q

Consider the job of archeologists, what is the consequence of people robbing graves?

A

by violating the grave the archaeologists context is disturbed and the removed objects lose their scientific value by virtue of the loss of association

23
Q

Describe how looting might be done by farmers and why?

A

looting might be done to supplement meager income via local burial grounds and sell whatever they find on the black market

24
Q

Describe how looting may be done to mass industrial operations and why?

A

Have higher stakes driven by significant profits and use advanced technology and make irreparable damage to cultural heritage sites

25
Q

What is ransacking?

A

act of thoroughly searching through or plundering graves or burial sites in search of valuable items or artifacts

26
Q

What is trafficking in terms of graves?

A

illegal trade and sale of artifacts, human remains or other items through robbing

27
Q

What is craniology?

A

study of skulls

28
Q

What is phrenology?

A

different areas of the brain were responsible for specific traits and characteristics, and these areas could be inferred from the bumps and contours of the skull’s surface

29
Q

What is the racism in skulls that happened in the 19th century?

A

Claimed that African Americans had smaller skulls

30
Q

Does NAGPRA prevent other countries from displaying the deceased?

A

No, just the United States

31
Q

Why did the body of Lincoln not decompose when his body was in a casket for 15 days and passed through 12 stops?

A

Embalming

32
Q

Who advanced the science of embalming? Via which deceased individual?

A

Henry P. Cattell via Abraham Lincoln

33
Q

What is a challenge to the size of coffins?

A

the size of people

34
Q

What are some takes of the funeral industry?

A

they are just trying to make money, people don’t have to be embalmed for an open casket and the funeral business is down because not a lot of Americans are dying and cremation is getting popular due to its low budget

35
Q

What is a concern about cremation?

A

Bigger individuals can cause cremation areas to burn up due to the grease in the bodies, 600lb individuals can be a concern

36
Q

What is an obituary?

A

a notice of a death, especially in a newspaper, typically including a brief biography of the deceased person

37
Q

What is the idea of “cafe mortel”?

A

“death cafe” is an international movement to talk about death amongst friends or others, without judgmental statements or offers of mental therapy

38
Q

What is death cleaning? Where did it originate from?

A

When someone that is going to die soon gets rid of things that won’t be needed anymore, originated in Sweden

39
Q

What is “dostadning”

A

Death Cleaning

40
Q

What is staging of the dead? Where did it originate from?

A

Where people are placed somewhere that they enjoyed and taken a photo of, originated from Puerto Rico

41
Q

What is the disposal technique of human bodies called “alkaline hydrolysis” about?

A

Disintegration of the body, a way to stop taking up space in cemeteries when it could be used for agriculture

42
Q

What is the recompose method about when it comes to deceased bodies?

A

turning bodies into compost which is also known as ecological death care

43
Q

What is capsula mundi?

A

Turning your urn into a pod that is planted and grows into a tree

Anth 180 (10 decks)

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