Module 1.1: Prenatal - Definition of Terms

Question 1

Fertilization

Answer 1

also known as conception, is the process by which sperm and ovum (sex cells) combine to create a single cell called zygote, which then duplicates itself again and again by cell division

Question 2

Ovulation

Answer 2

rupture of mature follicle in either ovary and expulsion of its ovum which occurs every month until menopause

Question 3

Dizygotic Twins

Answer 3

• Also known as Fraternal Twins
• Two separate eggs being fertilized by two different sperms
• Can be same or different sex
• May have genetic basis

Question 4

Monozygotic Twins

Answer 4

resulted from the cleaving of one fertilized egg and are generally genetically identical

Question 5

Heredity

Answer 5

genetic transmission of heritable characteristics from parents to offspring

Question 6

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Answer 6

long, spiraling ladder whose steps are made of pairs of chemical units called bases (Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine)

Question 7

Chromosomes

Answer 7

coils of DNA of smaller segments called genes

Question 8

Mitosis

Answer 8

cell division of non-sex cells

Question 9

Meiosis

Answer 9

cell division of sex cells

Question 10

Mutation

Answer 10

mistake in copying genetic code which creates permanent alteration in genetic material

Question 11

Autosomes

Answer 11

are not affiliated to sexual expression

Question 12

Sex Chromosomes

Answer 12

23rd pair which indicates the baby’s sex (XX, female: XY, male)

Question 13

Alleles

Answer 13

produce alternative expressions of characteristics

Question 14

Homozygous

Answer 14

if two alleles are the same

Question 15

Heterozygous

Answer 15

if two alleles are different

Question 16

Dominant

Answer 16

allele that is always expressed or shows up as a trait in that person

Question 17

Recessive

Answer 17

usually doesn’t show unless paired with another recessive trait

Question 18

Polygenetic Inheritance

Answer 18

interaction of several genes

Question 19

Phenotype

Answer 19

observable characteristics

Question 20

Genotype

Answer 20

underlying genetic makeup

Question 21

Epigenesis

Answer 21

+ Environment can influence when and which genes turn on and off
+ Refers to chemical molecules attached to a gene that alter the way a cell “reads” the gene’s DNA
+ Cells are susceptible to epigenetic modification during critical periods such as puberty and pregnancy

Question 22

Chromosome Abnormalities

Answer 22

1. Down Syndrome
2. Klinefelter Syndrome
3. Fragile X Syndrome
4. Turner Syndrome
5. XYY Syndrome

Question 23

Down Syndrome

Answer 23

Extra copy of chromosome 21

Question 24

Treatment for Down Syndrome

Answer 24

Surgery, SPED

Question 25

Klinefelter Syndrome

Answer 25

Extra X Chromosome (XXY)

Question 26

Treatment for Klinefelter Syndrome

Answer 26

Hormone Therapy

Question 27

Fragile X Syndrome

Answer 27

Abnormality in X chromosome causes ID

Question 28

Treatment for Fragile X Syndrome

Answer 28

SPED, Speech Therapy

Question 29

Turner Syndrome

Answer 29

Missing X chromosome for females

Question 30

Treatment for Turner Syndrome

Answer 30

Hormone Therapy

Question 31

XYY Syndrome

Answer 31

Extra Y chromosome

Question 32

Treatment for XYY Syndrome

Answer 32

No treatment