MODULE 2

Question 1

A naturally occurring combination of specific elements arranged in a particular repeating three-dimensional structure or lattice.

Answer 1

Mineral

Question 2

Ten minerals that make up most of the volume of the
Earth’s crust.

Answer 2

1. Plagioclase
2. Quartz
3. Orthoclase
4. Amphibole
5. Pyroxene
6. Olivine
7. Calcite
8. Biotite
9. Garnet
10. Clay

Question 3

Formation of Minerals (2)

Answer 3

from Hot Materials
from Solutions (Saltwater or Hot Underground Water)

Question 4

Ways of Identifying Minerals (5)

Answer 4

1. Look closely on all visible sides to see how it reflects light
2. Test its hardness
3. Identify its cleavage or fracture
4. Name its luster
5. Evaluate any other physical properties necessary to determine the mineral’s identity

Question 5

Minerals composed of only one element

Answer 5

Native Elements

Question 6

These have the polyatomic ion, (𝑷𝑶𝟒)𝟑−, as the anion.

Answer 6

Phosphates

Question 7

These have the polyatomic ion, (𝑺𝑶𝟒)𝟐−, as the anion.

Answer 7

Sulfates

Question 8

These have a halogen element as the anion.

Answer 8

Halides

Question 9

These are based on the anion, 𝑶𝟐−

Answer 9

Oxides

Question 10

These are based on the ion, (𝑪𝑶𝟑)𝟐−

Answer 10

Carbonates

Question 11

These are based on the ion, 𝑺𝟐−

Answer 11

Sulfides

Question 12

Based on the polyatomic anion,
(𝑺𝒊𝑶𝟒)𝟒−, which has a tetrahedral shape.

Answer 12

Silicates

Question 13

Also called island silicates, the silicate tetrahedra are separated from each other and bonded completely to non
silicate atoms. Olivine is an island silicate.

Answer 13

Nesosilicates

Question 14

Also called paired silicates, such as epidote, the silicate tetrahedra are bonded in pairs.

Answer 14

Sorosilicates

Question 15

Also called ring silicates, the silicate tetrahedra are joined in rings. Beryl or emerald is a ring silicate.

Answer 15

Cyclosilicates

Question 16

Also called sheet silicates, the tetrahedra are bonded at three corners to form flat sheets. Biotite is a sheet silicate.

Answer 16

Phyllosilicates

Question 17

Also known as framework silicates, all corners of the
silicate tetrahedra are bonded to corners of other silicate tetrahedra. Feldspar and quartz are both
framework silicates.

Answer 17

Tectosilicates

Question 18

Single-chain inosilicates the silicate tetrahedra are bonded in single chains. _____ are single-chain inosilicates.

Answer 18

Pyroxenes

Question 19

Double-chain inosilicates the silicate tetrahedra are bonded in double chains. _____ are double-chain inosilicates.

Answer 19

Amphiboles

Question 20

Describes the reflection of light off a mineral’s surface.

Answer 20

Luster

Question 21

The color of a mineral’s powder

Answer 21

Streak

Question 22

The strength with which a mineral resists its surface being scraped or punctured.

Answer 22

Hardness

Question 23

The tendency of a mineral to break along certain
planes to make smooth surfaces

Answer 23

Cleavage

Question 24

A break in a mineral that is not along a cleavage
plane.

Answer 24

Fracture

Question 25

The way a thick piece of glass breaks with concentric, curving ridges on the broken surfaces.

Answer 25

Conchoidal fracture

Question 26

A standard term for fractures that do not exhibit
any of the qualities of the other fracture types.

Answer 26

Irregular fracture