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Research > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

0
Q

Main objective of cohort study wherein it is to describe the incidence of certain outcomes over time

A

Descriptive

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1
Q

Group of subjects followed over a period of time

A

Cohort

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2
Q

Main objective of cohort study wherein it is to analyze associations between the risk factors and those outcomes

A

Analytical

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3
Q

Subjects are recruited based on ______ in case-control study

A

Disease status

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4
Q

Two types of cohort study

A

Prospective and Retrospective

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5
Q

In cohort study, the subjects are recruited or selected based on ______

A

Exposure status

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6
Q

Clinical question for case-control studies

A

“What happened?”

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7
Q

Study for rare diseases and illnesses with long latency periods.

A

Case-control study

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8
Q

Study for evaluation of a wide range of potential etiologic exposure

A

Case-control study

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9
Q

Clinical question for cohort studies?

A

“What will happen?”

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10
Q

Sample subjects without the outcome of interest

A

Prospective and retrospective cohort studies

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11
Q

Cohort study wherein the predictor variables are measured

A

Prospective cohort study

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12
Q

Most effective way to establish the temporal sequence of predictor and outcome variables

A

Prospective cohort study

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13
Q

Aka of retrospective cohort study

A

Historical cohort

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14
Q

Difference of prospective and retrospective cohort studies?

A

baseline measurements, follow-up, and outcomes all happened in the past

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15
Q

Only possible if there is adequate on the risk factors and outcome

A

Retrospective cohort study

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16
Q

Exposure status and disease status are measured at one point in time

A

Cross-sectional studies

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17
Q

Useful for chronic illnesses (gradual onset, long duration)

A

Cross-sectional studies

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18
Q

Prevalence studies

A

Cross-sectional studies

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19
Q

To draw conclusions about a procedure or treatment

A

Experiments

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20
Q

To determine whether there is a difference between the different groups

A

Experiments

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21
Q

Experimental drug or procedure is compared with another drug or procedure (placebo or another drug)

A

Controlled trials

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22
Q

Studies in which the investigator’s experience with a drug or treatment is described; No comparison with another group

A

Uncontrolled trials

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23
Q

The direct comparison of two or more treatment modalities in human groups

A

Clinical trials

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24
Q

Study design that the clinical trial uses

A

Experimental design

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25
Q

A method of evaluating treatment

A

Clinical trials

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26
Q

Wherein the subjects and researchers are “blinded” to the actual experiment

A

Clinical trials

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27
Q

Specific outcomes are measures and compared using statistical analysis to determine significant effects

A

Clinical trials

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28
Q

Rt

A

A / A+B

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29
Q

Rc

A

C / C+D

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30
Q

Relative risk

A

Rt/ Rc

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31
Q

Risk of Disease with tx relative to control

A

Relative Risk

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32
Q

Absolute Risk Reduction (ARR)

A

Rc-Rt

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33
Q

The risk difference between control and treatment groups

A

Absolute risk reduction

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34
Q

Decreased Risk of Developing Disease due to Tx

A

Relative risk reduction (RRR)

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35
Q

RRR formula

A

ARR/Rc

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36
Q

Number needed to treat (NNT) formula

A

1/ARR

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37
Q

Rt

A

a/a+b

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38
Q

Formulas for treatment effects in clinical trials

A 
Rt = a/a+b
Rc = c/c+d
RR = Rt/Rc
ARR = Rc –Rt
RRR = ARR/Rc
NNT = 1/ARR
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39
Q

Rc

A

c/c+d

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40
Q

The purpose is to increase the probability of disease towards 100%

A

Diagnostic tests

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41
Q

T or F: Diagnostic tests may affect treatment plans or subsequent diagnostic tests

A

True

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42
Q

% of the estimated likelihood of a disease to confirm it

A

100%

43
Q

The most definitive diagnostic method

A

Gold standard

44
Q

Must be sensitive

A

Screening tests

45
Q

Must be specific

A

Confirmatory tests

46
Q

The point at which a test changes from negative to positive

A

Cutoff point

47
Q

Estimates of probability

A

PPV, NPV, LR

48
Q

Four possible results for any given test

A

True positive, true negative, false positive, false negative

49
Q

Study design used for diagnostic testing

A

Cross sectional

50
Q

Are descriptors of the accuracy of a test

A

Specificity and sensitivity

51
Q

Tests with a ________ are useful clinically to rule out a disease

A

High sensitivity

52
Q

Tests with a __________ are used to confirm the presence of a disease

A

High specificity

53
Q

Evaluate likelihood of outcomes developing over time in patients with a particular condition

A

Prognosis articles

54
Q

Questions prognosis articles

A

“What is the chance of dying?”

“What are the complications?”

55
Q

For prognosis

A

P- population of interest
E- exposure of prognostic factor
O- outcome or complication of interest

56
Q

Factors which, in people who have the condition, influence the outcome

A

Prognostic factor

57
Q

Factors which are associated with causing a condition

A

Risk factors

58
Q

Is a patient characteristic that can predict that patient’s eventual outcome

A

Prognostic factor

59
Q

Refers to its possible outcomes and the likelihood that each one will occur

A

Prognosis

60
Q

Are the number of events that occur over a time

A

Prognostic results

61
Q

Prognostic results are expressed in:

A

Absolute terms
Relative terms
Survival curves

62
Q

A plot that estimate of the survival function that is a series of horizontal steps of declining magnitude

A

Kaplan-Meier curve

63
Q

May represent true survival function for that population if a large enough sample was taken into account

A

Kaplan-Meier curve

64
Q

Occurs if a patient withdraws from a study

A

Right-censoring

65
Q

Indicate losses, where a patient’s survival time has been right-censored

A

Small vertical tick-marks

66
Q

Tries to establish if a particular exposure is responsible for causing an undesirable outcome

A

Harm articles

67
Q

PEO of Harm Articles

A

P- population that might be at risk
E- the potentially harmful exposure
O- the outcome that these exposures might cause

68
Q

Best study design used for Harm Articles

A

Cohort studies

69
Q

Data are obtained from groups who have been exposed, or not exposed, to the new technology or factor of interest

A

Cohort

70
Q

T or F: There is an allocation of exposure made by the researcher doing cohort studies for Harm Articles

A

False

71
Q

Patients with a certain outcome or disease and an appropriate group of controls without the outcome or disease are selected and then information is obtained on whether the subjects have been exposed to the factor under investigation

A

Case-control

72
Q

Only feasible method for very rare disorders or those with long lag between exposure and outcome

A

Case-control

73
Q

Systematic investigation of relationships among two or more variables, without necessarily determining cause and effect

A

Correlational studies

74
Q

Two types of correlation coefficient

A

Positive and Negative

75
Q

Indicate that an increase in one variable is associated with an increase in the other variable

A

Positive correlation

76
Q

Indicate that an increase in one variable is associated with an decrease in the other variable

A

Negative correlation

77
Q

Lurking variables can change the association

A

Simpson’s Paradox

78
Q

An incidence-prevalence bias

A

Neyman bias

79
Q

Arises when a gap in time occurs between exposure and selection of study participants

A

Neyman bias

80
Q

Creates a case group not representative of cases in the community

A

Neyman bias

81
Q

Merely tracks patients or subjects with the same exposure

A

Case series

82
Q

Categories of data according to source

A

Primary data secondary data

83
Q

Obtained first-hand by the investigator to answer the objectives of his study and are collected directly from subjects of the study

A

Primary data

84
Q

Data which are already existing and are obtained by some other people for purposes that may be different from the investigators’

A

Secondary data

85
Q

4 methods of data collection

A

Use of documented sources/ review documents
Observations
Interviews
Questionnaires

86
Q

6 qualities of statistical data

A 
Timeliness
Completeness
Accuracy
Precision
Relevance 
Adequacy
87
Q

Interval between date of occurrence of an event and the time the data is ready to be used or disseminated

A

Timeliness

88
Q

In coverage and in accomplishing all the items in every form

A

Completeness

89
Q

Closeness of data or measurement to true value

A

Accuracy

90
Q

Repeatability or consistency of information obtained; extent to which similar info is obtained when a measurement is performed more than once

A

Precision

91
Q

Consistency of the data produced with the needs of the data users

A

Relevance

92
Q

Details provide a complete picture of the situation being covered. “Do the collected data provide all the basic info needed to meet the requirements of the user?”

A

Adequacy

93
Q

Answers the question who, what, where, and when.

A

Descriptive studies

94
Q

Designed simply to describe certain characteristics of a problem

A

Descriptive studies

95
Q

T or F: cause and effect relationship is not being answered by descriptive studies

A

True

96
Q

This is used to generate hypothesis that can serve as a topic for future research

A

Descriptive studies

97
Q

Detailed descriptions of one or more cases of a disease that is unusual for some reason

A

Case reports and case series

98
Q

Provide little evidence of causality and cannot say much about patterns of disease occurence

A

Case reports and case studies

99
Q

Prevalence surveys, done at one point in time and has no attempt to establish a temporal relationship between cause and effect

A

Cross-sectional (descriptive)

100
Q

Secondary study design, integrates the results of several studies on a similar topic (population enrolled, intervention used, and outcome measured); detailed and comprehensive plan and search strategy derived a priori

A

Systematic review

101
Q

statistical technique that synthesize the data from several studies into a single quantitative estimate or summary effect size

A

Meta-analysis

102
Q

A blueprint or preconceived framework of future activities of a research project

A

Research proposal

103
Q

The first impression the reader gets

A

Title

104
Q

A brief summary of approximately 300 words and should provide the research question, the rationale for the study, the hypothesis, the method, and the findings

A

Abstract

Research (2 decks)

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