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Concepts in Pathophysiology > Module 2 - Acute And Chronic Inflammation > Flashcards

Module 2 - Acute And Chronic Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four signs of inflammation?

A

Redness, swelling, heat and pain
Rubor, tumor, calor and dolor

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2
Q

What are the three characteristics of inflammation?

A

Vasodilation
Increases vessel permeability
Diapedesis

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3
Q

What is the role of vasodilation in inflammation?

A

Blood vessels dilate to slow blood flow and increase blood volume to injured site

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4
Q

What is the role of increased vascular permeability in inflammation?

A

Retraction of endothelial cells causes gaps to open between cells, allowing leakage of plasma (increased blood volume)

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5
Q

What is the role of Diapedesis in inflammation?

A

White cells adhere to inner wall of capillaries and migrate through junctions in endothelial cells to surrounding tissue

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6
Q

What are the benefits of inflammation?

A

Limits/controls tissue damage
Prevents infection by contaminating organisms
Initiates adaptive immune response
Initiates healing through removal of bacterial products

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7
Q

What cells are involved in chronic inflammation?

A

Lymphocytes and macrophages

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8
Q

What is a granuloma?

A

Forms when macrophages cannot protect from tissue damage

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9
Q

What is the role of mast cells?

A

Releases inflammatory mediators

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10
Q

Where are mast cells located?

A

Loose connective tissue, lining of gastrointestinal and respiratory tract

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11
Q

What is the role of basophils?

A

Releases cytokines, leukotrienes and histamine to aid immunity

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12
Q

What is the role of neutrophils?

A

Travels to site of infection and destroys microorganism by ingestion

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13
Q

What is the role of monocytes?

A

Migrates to inflammatory site and differentiates into macrophages

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14
Q

What is the role of macrophages?

A

Secretes pro-inflammatory/antimicrobial mediators

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15
Q

What is the role of eosinophils?

A

Primary defence against parasites and regulates vascular mediators

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16
Q

What is the role of platelets?

A

Activates after injury, results in interaction with components of coagulation cascade to stop bleeding

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17
Q

What is the causative agent of acute inflammation?

A

Pathogens, irritants or damage

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18
Q

What is the causative agent of chronic inflammation?

A

Persistent, acute inflammation, persistent forgien bodies or autoimmune reaction

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19
Q

What are chemical mediators?

A

Substances that promote inflammation

20
Q

What is the role of histamines?

A

Causes rapid contraction of smooth muscle and dilation of capillary venules (increased blood flow)

21
Q

What is the role of chemotactic factors?

A

Diffuses from site of inflammation and form gradient to cause directional movement towards injury

22
Q

What is the role of neutrophil chemotactic factor?

A

Kills bacteria

23
Q

What is the role of eosinophil chemotactic factor?

A

Regulates inflammatory response

24
Q

What is the role of leukotrienes?

A

Produces histamine like effect

25
Q

What is the role of nitric oxide?

A

Causes vasodilation by inducing relaxation of smooth muscle, suppress mast cell release and decrease platelet adhesion

26
Q

What is the role of prostaglandins?

A

Causes increased vascular permeability, neutrophil chemotaxis and pain

27
Q

What is the role of platelet activating factor?

A

Endothelial cell retraction to increase vascular permeability and platelet adhesion

28
Q

What is the role of cytokines?

A

Binds to target cells and affects function

29
Q

What is the role of the complement system?

A

Destroys pathogens directly

30
Q

What is the coagulation system and what is its role?

A

Group of plasma proteins that form fibrinous network at injured site to stop bleeding

31
Q

What are the three activation pathways of the complement system?

A

Classical
Alternative
Lectin

32
Q

How is the classical pathway activated?

A

Antibodies

33
Q

What is the alternative pathway activated?

A

Gram-negative bacterial/fungal cell wall polysaccharides

34
Q

What activated the lectin pathway?

A

Bacterial carbohydrates

35
Q

What is the role of the kinin system?

A

Produces bradykinin causing vasodilation, smooth muscle contraction and increased vascular permeability

36
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of fever

A

Tissue injury stimulates immune cells (macrophages, T-cells) to release cytokines, stimulating the hypothalamus to cause increased muscle tone, increased shivering, vasoconstriction and piloerection

37
Q

What are the benefits of fever?

A

Kills/inhibits growth of microorganisms
Decreases iron, zinc and copper blood levels
Prevents viral replication through lysosomal breakdown and cell auto destruction

38
Q

What is degranulation?

A

Granules from mast cells are released extracellularly

39
Q

What are the two ways a wound heals by?

A

Primary intention and secondary intention

40
Q

What are the two phases involves in wound healing?

A

Reconstruction phase and maturation phase

41
Q

What is primary intention?

A

Wounds heal under minimal tissue loss

42
Q

What is secondary intention?

A

Healing of an open wound requiring tissue replacement

43
Q

What is involves in the reconstruction phase?

A

Bleeding is sealed by clot, granulation tissue grows into wound and wound contraction occurs

44
Q

What is involved in the maturation phase?

A

Scar tissue is remodelled and capillaries disappear, leaving scar avascular

45
Q

What are the causes of dysfunctional wound healing?

A

Predisposing factors such as diabetes mellitus or acquired condition such as hypoxaemia

Concepts in Pathophysiology (9 decks)

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